柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染鸡盲肠和脾脏一氧化氮合酶的表达

采用NADPH—d(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate—diaphroase)组织化学法观察了雏鸡感染柔嫩艾美耳珠虫(E．tenella)后一氧化氮合酶(N0S)在盲肠和脾脏中的分布与表达情况。试验结果表明，所有正常鸡盲肠粘膜下层和肌层均有较深的着色，根据以往的资料和N0S的表达特性初步判断为神经元型N0S(nNOS)；试验鸡在感染后3～5d，盲肠粘膜上皮和肠腺上皮也有较深的着色，并从感染后7d开始着色减弱；而对照组鸡盲肠粘膜上皮和肠腺上皮以及对照组和试验组的脾脏几乎不着色或着色很浅。试验结果提示，盲肠粘膜上皮和肠腺上皮的着色可能是诱导型N0S(iN0S)表达的结果，而由其产生的N0参与雏鸡球虫感染过程。     

A review of soil NO transformation: Associated processes and possible physiological significance on organisms

NO emissions from soils and ecosystems are of outstanding importance for atmospheric chemistry. Here we review the current knowledge on processes involved in the formation and consumption of NO in soils, the importance of NO for the physiological functioning of different organisms, and for inter- and intra-species signaling and competition, e.g. in the rooting zone between microbes and plants. We also show that prokaryotes and eukaryotes are able to produce NO by multiple pathways and that unspecific enzymo-oxidative mechanisms of NO production are likely to occur in soils. Nitric oxide production in soils is not only linked to NO production by nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms, but also linked to extracellular enzymes from a wide range of microorganisms.Further investigations are needed to clarify molecular mechanisms of NO production and consumption, its controlling factors, and the significance of NO as a regulator for microbial, animal and plant processes. Such process understanding is required to elucidate the importance of soils as sources (and sinks) for atmospheric NO.     

白肉灵芝水提物对脑缺血大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

试验旨在探讨白肉灵芝水提物（Ganoderma leucocontextum aqueous extracts,GLAE）对脑缺血后海马神经元的保护作用及机制。将50只健康大鼠分为对照组、模型组、GLAE低（0.05 mg/（g·BW））、中（0.1 mg/（g·BW））、高（0.2 mg/（g·BW））剂量组。利用双侧颈总动脉夹闭法建立大鼠脑缺血模型,GLAE组灌胃不同剂量的GLAE干预,对照组和模型组灌胃同体积的生理盐水,连续2周。用跳台试验方法检测记忆获得、记忆巩固和记忆再现障碍大鼠的学习记忆能力,HE染色观察大鼠海马组织的病理形态的变化,比色法检测海马组织一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）活性和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）含量,Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR法分别检测海马组织生长相关蛋白-43（growth associated protein-43,GAP-43）和脑源性神经生长因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）的水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠跳台试验的逃避潜伏期显著缩短、电击次数显著增加（P<0.05）;海马神经元细胞出现明显核固缩、排列松散紊乱等退行性改变,细胞数量显著减少（P<0.05）;海马组织NOS活性和NO含量均显著降低（P<0.05）;大鼠海马组织GAP-43蛋白表达量显著升高（P<0.05）;海马组织BDNF mRNA表达量显著下调（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,GLAE干预后,大鼠逃避潜伏期均显著延长、电击次数均显著减少（P<0.05）;GLAE高剂量组大鼠CA1区和齿状回锥体神经元细胞形态明显改善,神经元数量显著增加（P<0.05）;GLAE低剂量组对NOS活性影响不明显（P>0.05）,显著增加NO含量（P<0.05）,GLAE中、高剂量组NOS活性和NO含量均显著升高（P<0.05）;GLAE低、中、高剂量组海马组织GAP-43蛋白表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）;GLAE低、中、高剂量组海马组织BDNF mRNA表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,GLAE可通过提高NOS活性和NO水平、促进海马神经发生和功能恢复对脑缺血后海马神经元损伤有一定的保护作用,从而改善大鼠认知功能,0.2 mg/g GLAE效果最好。     

Endometrial nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthases in the equine endometrium: Relationship with microvascular density during the estrous cycle

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in angiogenesis and in the regulation of the blood flow. This study was carried out to investigate (i) the effects of endogenous estrogens and progestins and exogenous progesterone (P₄) (5 ng/ml or 1 μg/ml) or estradiol 17β (E₂β) (50 pg/ml or 1 μg/ml) on in vitro endometrial NO synthesis; (ii) the presence of different isoforms of NO synthase; (iii) and their relationship to microvascular density in the equine endometrium during the estrous cycle. NOS expression was also evaluated in the myometrium. Expression of endothelial and inducible forms of NOS in the uterus was assessed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Vascular density in endometrial tissue was determined on histologic sections. In the luteal phase, compared to the follicular phase, endometrial NO production increased without exogenous hormones and with exogenous E₂β (1 μg/ml). Although immunocytochemistry revealed iNOS and eNOS expression in the endometrium, no positive signal for iNOS was detected by Western blot. Endothelial NOS was observed in endometrial glands, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, blood and lymphatic vessels. Endometrial eNOS expression was the highest in the follicular and mid-luteal phases while it was found to be the lowest in the early luteal phase. In the follicular phase, hyperplasia of endometrial tissue with respect to myometrium was detected. No difference in vascular density was present between phases. All together, NO may play some roles in both proliferative and secretory phases of endometrial development in the mare.     

维生素C对快大型黄羽肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征的影响

采取分组对比的方法(对照组,肺动脉高压综合征(PHS)发病组,维生素C治疗组)分别检测试验鸡只肝组织、肠黏膜、心肌线粒体中的NO含量和NOS的活性。结果显示,对于发生PHS的快大型黄羽肉鸡,其肝脏、心肌和肠黏膜线粒体NO含量呈现先显著上升后显著下降的变化趋势(P<0.05)。线粒体NOS活力的变化趋势则与NO一致。与对照组相比,维生素C治疗组各指标则呈现相反的变化,说明其能有效地阻止快大型黄羽肉鸡发生PHS这一过程。     

Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger from L-arginine. There are considerable evidence showing the expression of NOS in mammalian tissues. Information on distribution of NOS activities in various organs and tissues of fish is rare. Non-functional NOS activities were documented in fish semi-quantitatively either by an indirect nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity histochemical staining method or by an immunohistochemical method using a cross-reacting antibody to brain NOS. Report on the functional levels of NOS activities in fish is lacking. This report represent the first attempt to document the functional NOS levels in various fish organs and tissues. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) activities in various organs of big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was measured by a chemiluminescence method with a detection limit as low as 10 mol of NO produced. It was found that constitutive NOS activity was highest in the brain, followed by the intestine, stomach, retina, olfactory lobe, swim bladder, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, ovary and liver. NOS activity could not be detected in the gill filaments. Omission of NADPH in the reaction mixture caused a 57–100% decrease in cNOS activities. However, omission of arginine in the mixture only caused a 56–87% drop in cNOS activities. When compared with cNOS activities documented from other species, a similar pattern of cNOS activities in the various organs and tissues of big-head carp could be seen.     

青蒿素与青蒿水提液对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫肉鸡的疗效评价

为评价青蒿素和青蒿水提液抗球虫的效果,选择体重相近20日龄黄羽肉鸡120只,随机分为健康组,病理组,青蒿组和青蒿素组4组.测定血清中一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)含量.结果表明,病理组抗球虫指数为52.7,青蒿组为172.6,青蒿素组为145.4;青蒿和青蒿素能够降低血清中NO和NOS含量.说明青蒿水提液和青...     

在羊驼皮肤黑色素细胞中α-黑素细胞刺激素对诱导一氧化氮合酶的影响

为研究α-黑素细胞刺激素（α-Melanocytestimulatinghormone,α-MSH）对诱导型一氧化氮合酶（NOS2）在羊驼皮肤黑素细胞中的影响。采用体外培养正常羊驼皮肤黑素细胞,检测不同浓度α-MSH（0、10-9、10^-8、10^-7moL／L）对羊驼皮肤黑素细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶（NOS2）基因...     

NO在雏鸡球虫感染过程中的作用

研究以腹腔注射途径给予试验雏鸡cNOS抑制剂L－NAME、L－NA以及iNOS抑制剂L－AG，通过测定血浆NO2^-水平、肠道粘膜NOS活性、雏鸡日增重以及肠道病变计分、肠道组织切片中球虫数量、O.P.G值、异常粪便百分率等指标，研究了NO在雏鸡感染E.tenella或E.acervulina过程中的作用。试验结果表明，在雏鸡感染E.tenella或E.acervulina后，每日连续给予L－AG或L－NAME，不但加重了雏鸡的肠道组织显微病变，而且使肠道组织切片中的球虫数量增多。此外L－AG或L－NAME处理还使感染雏鸡的O.P.G值和肠道病变记分等指标出现不同程度的升高，但与感染对照组的相比未见显著性影响。另外，无论是NO2^-测定结果，还是NOS活性测定结果均表明，3种NOS抑制剂对感染E.acervulina雏鸡体内NO的生成均有较好的抑制作用，其中以L－AG的抑制作用最为理想，L－AG处理组雏鸡血浆NO2^-水平或肠道粘膜NOS活性值均与给予的L－AG剂量之间呈现较好的剂量依赖性递减关系。结果提示，在雏鸡感染球虫过程中，体内大量生成的NO对球虫具有一定的毒性作用。NO可能是在雏鸡E.tenella和E.acervulina感染过程中发挥作用的一种效应分子。     

中草药方剂对哲罗鱼抗氧化能力的影响

哲罗鱼试验组每组60尾,每天按照表3分别投喂添加不同中草药(四种复方及5种单方)的饲料,对照组投喂基础饲料,连续投喂28 d,停食1 d后采集血液(分离血清及红细胞)及肝脏等样品,进行NO含量、NOS活性、SOD活性、MDA含量的测定.结果表明,血清中NO含量与对照组差异不显著,除当归组外NOS含量均有显著升高趋势;肝脏与血清相反,除当归组外NO含量均有上升,除黄芪高剂量组外NOS的活性均下降.血清中SOD酶活性没有明显变化,肝脏中,只有茯苓可以显著升高SOD活性,而红细胞中,黄芪、贯众和方二组可以使SOD活性有明显的升高;除方二、茯苓组,其余实验组均能明显降低血清中MDA的含量;除方五组外其他实验组均能显著降低MDA的含量.结果显示,中草药对哲罗鱼抗氧化能力的影响因药物种类、检测组织和指标而有所不同,但所选中草药均有一定程度增强机体抗氧化能力的作用.