Nanostructured liquid crystalline particle assisted delivery of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to weeds,crops and model plants

Routine agricultural practices are heavily dependent on the use of surfactants, many of which are toxic to humans and detrimental to the environment. In proof of concept work we have previously shown the potential of nanostructured liquid crystalline particles (NLCP) to safely interact with plant leaf cuticular surfaces with minimal impact on epicuticular waxes. Here we demonstrate the use of NLCP to effectively deliver the auxin herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to plant leaves in laboratory and field studies. In the laboratory, the physiological stress responses of lupin, Lupinus angustifolius (L.) (Fabaceae) towards NLCP spray applications were shown to be much reduced in comparison with application of two common surfactants. Phytotoxicity assays of 2,4-D loaded NLCP were used to validate the herbicidal effects on Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynth. (Brassicaceae) and established a similarity with that of surfactant assisted 2,4-D delivery when tested at a concentration of 0.1%. Field trials were conducted to test the efficacy of NLCP-assisted delivery of 2,4-D in comparison with commercial surfactants for the control of the invasive weed wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) (Brassicaceae), in wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.) (Poaceae) crop fields. Compared against Estercide 800, a commercially available 2,4-D formulation, NLCP assisted delivery of 2,4-D was effective at low concentrations of 0.03% and 0.06%. The crop yield remained similar for all the tested concentrations and formulations of 2,4-D loaded NLCP and Estercide 800. This is the first report to directly show that, as an alternative to conventional methods, NLCP can be used under both laboratory and field conditions to successfully delivery an agrochemical.     

羧甲基落叶松单宁表面活性剂的制备及性能分析

以落叶松单宁为原料,氯乙酸为醚化剂,合成了具有表面活性的羧甲基落叶松单宁。测定了其絮凝性能、阻垢性能、抑茵性能、表面张力和HLB值,并与单宁和聚丙烯酰胺进行了比较研究。结果表明,羧甲基落叶松单宁在酸性条件下(pH值为1～3),投放量小于50 mg/L时,对ATT染料废水的COD去除效果好于单宁,较聚丙烯酰胺差；阻垢性能较好,阻垢率可达90．67%；对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、青霉等8种菌均有明显的抑菌效果；表面张力和HLB值表现出其比单宁更具亲水性。该单宁改性产物是一种多功能、性能良好的水处理剂。     

悬浮剂润湿分散剂选择方法研究

在已报道方法的基础上 ,研究了悬浮剂润湿分散剂不同种类和用量与其分散液表面张力和在靶体表面上的接触角及最大持留量的关系 ,结果发现 ,在一定浓度范围内 ,相互之间具有很好的相关性。表明 ,表面张力、接触角和最大持留量等参数对悬浮剂润湿分散剂的选择具有实际指导意义。     

非离子型表面活性剂对大豆分离蛋白乳化性质的影响

本文采用大豆分离蛋白(SPI)为乳化剂,辣椒红色素(PRP)为油相,高速均质分散形成PRP乳状液.以乳化活性和乳化稳定性为检测指标,研究了麦芽糊精(MD)、双乙酰酒石酸单甘油酯(DATEM)、蔗糖脂肪酸酯(SE)、辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠(SSOS)和卵磷脂(PC)五种非离子型表面活性剂对SPI乳化性能的影响.结果表明:添加占SPI质量分数分别为1％DATEM、0.8％SE、6％MD、6％PC、8％SSOS均提高了SPI的乳化性能,其中添加1％DATEM效果最好,显著提高了SPI的乳化性能,使其乳化活性达到了719.92 cm-1,乳化稳定性仍保持较好,为1.03.因此添加适量的非离子型表面活性剂能够提高SPI的乳化性能.     

表面活性剂在土壤粒子上的吸附及影响因素综述

综述了表面活性剂在土壤粒子上吸附及其影响因素的国内外研究进展。研究表明,表面活性剂可通过静电引力、离子交换和氢键等方式吸附在土壤粒子上。表面活性剂的类型与结构组成、土壤的理化特性以及环境条件对其在土壤粒子上的吸附具有非常重要的影响。混合表面活性剂比单一表面活性剂的吸附机理更为复杂。最后,指出目前研究中存在的不足,提出应加强开展混合表面活性剂和特殊表面活性剂在土壤粒子上吸附研究的建议。     

表面活性剂在丙糖膏助晶中的应用研究

丙糖膏助晶中存在的美拉德反应,会产生大量气体,气体阻扰糖晶体吸收糖分子,影响蔗糖收回。对比了市售的聚甘油脂肪酸酯和蔗糖脂肪酸酯两种表面活性剂以及自制不同聚合度的聚甘油脂肪酸酯对丙糖膏流速的影响,并在糖厂进行生产试验。结果表明:表面活性剂的添加可以清除丙糖膏中的气泡,从而增大晶体与糖液中糖分子的接触面积,降低糖液流动阻力,增强对流,提高助晶效率。处理霜冻、陈旧变质甘蔗时,添加A号聚甘油脂肪酸酯帮助丙糖膏助晶可以提高7.5%生产能力,提高丙糖膏废蜜纯度差1.6GP,为企业带来可观经济效益及诸多边际效益。     

The effects of foliar applied CaCl2·2H2O,Ca(OH)2 and K2CO3 combined with the surfactants Glucopon and Plantacare on gas exchange of 1 year old apple (Malus domestica BORKH.) and broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves

Calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, potassium carbonate and the alkylpolyglycoside surfactants Glucopon 215 CSUP and Plantacare 12 UP are salts applied to leaves as foliar nutrients and fungicides. These chemicals were sprayed on apple (Malus domestica BORKH.) and broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves. Stomatal conductance and rates of net photosynthesis were measured continuously in the light and in the dark using a Portable Photosynthesis System CIRAS-1. All compounds with the exception of Ca(OH)₂ affected stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis, albeit to different degrees. In light, Plantacare either alone (0.2 g l⁻¹) or in combination with CaCl₂·2H₂O (5 g l⁻¹) or K₂CO₃ (5 g l⁻¹) caused a rapid initial increase in stomatal conductance during the first 1–3 h after spraying on the leaves, maximum conductances were observed about 6 h after application. A rather high stomatal conductance was observed during the dark period when Glucopon (0.2 g l⁻¹) was applied either alone or in combination with Ca(OH)₂. The combination CaCl₂·2H₂O + Glucopon did not cause this elevated stomatal conductance during the dark. CaCl₂·2H₂O reduced stomatal conductance in combination with both Glucopon and Plantacare. The surfactant Plantacare reduced net photosynthesis during the first light period (12 h), if applied alone or in combination with CaCl₂·2H₂O. Treatment of broad bean leaves with K₂CO₃ + Plantacare resulted in a rapid decrease in net photosynthesis during the first hour, and then the rates of net photosynthesis increased rapidly and approached to those of the water control. The effects of surfactants and salts on net photosynthesis had nearly disappeared by the beginning of the second light period. Non-specific glycosidases presumably cleaved the glycosidic bond between the alkyl and the sugar moieties during the preceding night. Our data showed that foliar applications of CaCl₂·2H₂O and K₂CO₃ together with alkyl polyglycoside surfactants can affect gas exchange. However, the effects of the chemicals at the concentrations used in our study were not very large and were transient. They practically vanished within 24 h and a detrimental effect on growth and development of crops was not likely.     

表面活性剂SDS与DBS对褐点石斑鱼急性毒性研究

[目的]研究表面活性剂SDS和DBS对水环境的污染程度,分析比较2类毒性数据处理方法的优劣。[方法]以褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)变态期仔鱼作为指示生物,采用静水法生物测试研究SDS和DBS的急性毒性。建立直线回归模型,并用非线性最小二乘拟合技术构建非线性回归模型,预测表面活性剂的毒性效应。[结果]2种表面活性剂的直线方程F检验均为极显著;其剂量—效应曲线(DRC)均可用双参数模型Weibull与Logit函数有效表征。直线和非线性回归模型对2种表面活性剂毒性效应估算表明,预测半致死浓度时,2种模型差异可忽略不计;预测极端效应浓度时,差异显著。直线回归模型估算的安全浓度SDS为0.4292mg/L,DBS为0.9543mg/L;双参数模型对48hLC50拟合预测值SDS为1.5033mg/L,DBS值为3.3416mg/L,两者预测结果一致,毒性均为SDS大于DBS。[结论]试验结果为研究表面活性剂污染对水环境造成的危害及评价提供参考资料,并为毒性数据的分析处理提供一种可供参考的新模式。     

枯草芽孢杆菌生防菌剂sf-628专用助剂的研发

【目的】为了获得枯草芽孢杆菌sf-628的专用助剂,【方法】将sf-628与6种不同的表面活性剂组合按重量比95∶5进行混配,并以菌液中的活菌量为依据进行筛选。同时采用国标GB 5549-90的方法测定sf-628与各个表面活性剂组合混配后稀释液的表面张力,并将其与苹果、梨叶片的临界表面张力进行比较分析。【结果】结果表明,苹果叶片正、反面的临界表面张力值分别为31.78 mN.m-1和33.75 mN.m-1;梨叶片的临界表面张力值分别为39.90mN.m-1和38.02 mN.m-1。活菌量的测定结果表明4种表面活性剂组合对sf-628表现为抑制作用,其余2种表面活性剂组合(Ⅲ和IV)则对其安全。将其与sf-628混配后0～1 000倍稀释液中,表面活性剂组合Ⅲ和IV达到临界胶束浓度,表面活性剂组合Ⅲ稀释液的表面张力大于苹果叶片的临界表面张力,故难以很好地在苹果叶片上润湿展布;表面活性剂组合IV稀释液的表面张力小于苹果、梨叶片的临界表面张力,故可以在苹果、梨叶片上黏着并润湿展布。【结论】表面活性剂组合IV可作为枯草芽孢杆菌sf-628的专用助剂在苹果、梨树上使用。     

黄花棘豆表面活性物质的初步研究

以黄花棘豆为原材料提取植物源表面活性剂OOR,并研究了其对农药的增效作用。初步研究表明,黄花棘豆粗取物的最佳提取溶剂为甲醇,粗提物产出率为5.94%。OOR在农药中的最佳添加量为3 mL/L,在此用量下,20%杀虫双水剂300倍液药后1～10 d对桃蚜的防效提高8.39～12.31百分点,对菜青虫的防效提高11.49～14.25百分点;75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600倍液对番茄早疫病的防效提高10.30百分点,对叶霉病的防效提高12.10百分点;在确保10%草甘膦水剂对藜的株防效和鲜重防效达90.00%以上的条件下,用药量可降至9 L/hm2,对水量可降至450 kg/hm2。