Does matrix resistance influence Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L. 1758) distribution in an urban landscape?

In determining isolation effects in fragmented populations, the landscape matrix is not often considered. Usually simple distance measures are used to quantify degree of isolation. We tested the effect of the matrix on the presence of red squirrels in 354 wooded patches in the Brussels Region, by comparing several isolation measures. These were 1) distance to the nearest source patch, 2) the Hanski-measure (a combination of distance to and size of all possible sources), 3) effective distances calculated from different least cost models using the ArcView grid extension ‘Cost Distance’ (a combination of distance and resistance of the landscape, with different resistances for different landscape types) and 4) some combinations of the Hanski-measure and the effective distances. Size and quality of the target patches were always included in the tests of the predictive power of different isolation measures on squirrel presence/absence. All variables examined (patch size, quality and isolation) significantly influenced squirrel presence. Models using the effective distances gave the best results. Models including the Hanski-measure improved significantly when Euclidean distance was replaced by effective distance, showing that parameterisation of matrix resistance added significant additional explanatory power when modelling squirrel presence. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

纤维目数对纤维板力学性能和成本的影响研究

采用热磨法研磨纤维,研究不同纤维目数(40~100目,20~120目,10~130目)对纤维板力学性能和成本的影响。在保证制作质量合格的纤维板试件基础上,对其进行力学性能试验,验证确定纤维目数区间的合理性,并利用确定的纤维目数区间进行密度和施胶量的单因素对比分析;分析其对力学性能和成本的影响。研究结果表明:纤维目数在40~100目时,可通过降低试件密度或减小施胶量,在保证制品较好力学性能的前提下降低制备成本,可实现优质优价经济效益最大化;从纤维板制品制备成本分析得出:采用上述三种纤维目数区间,在保证制品质量要求的前提下,可实现纤维目数区间与制品质量等级的合理匹配,达到合理利用原材料降低成本的效果。     

基于低碳与成本约束的机电产品包装概念设计

机电产品的包装需要耗费大量的原木,对环境造成了极大的影响,也增加了机电产品的生产经营成本。文章从低碳和成本约束的角度,对机电产品包装概念设计的模型进行了分析和探讨。     

如何建立成本分析模板服务一拖公司的产品结构调整

介绍一拖公司财务部在传统的成本分析理论基础上,建立了成本因素分析方法,为各单位产品成本管理和决策工作提供及时、快速的分析工具,并协助各单位找出影响利润的关键点,以改善盈利能力,提升产品竞争力;同时,建立完善了产品谱系盈利分析模板,引导一拖公司通过产品结构调整,提升集团公司的创利能力。     

中国基本养老保险制度财务平衡与可持续性研究——基于国发［2005］38号文件形成的城镇基本养老保险制度

采用“到期债务”定义，按照国发［2005］38号文件形成的制度模式，通过构造公式测算了基本养老保险制度的隐性债务、转制成本理论值以及基金缺口的期限结构。结论表明：做实个人账户真正实现了“统账结合、分账管理、实账运行”；社会统筹账户基金缺口规模被有效降低，偿债周期可以接受；社会统筹账户是一个精算盈余的制度安排，缴费率存在下降空间；参保率和缴费基数对基金缺口规模的影响很大，应进一步提高参保率和严格规范缴费基数。     

安徽省水稻机械化插秧作业成本构成及效益分析

通过对安徽省的水稻机械化插秧作业成本与效益的数据采集与统计分析,总结出水稻机械化插秧作业成本的主要构成要素及其对作业总成本的影响,得出作业收益与总成本和年作业量间的关系以及不同作业类型的成本与效益差异。同时,为开展机插秧社会化服务,增加机械化插秧效益提出了建议。     

我国甘蔗机械化成本分析及机收效益评价模型的建立

对耕整地、种植、中耕培土及收获环节的机械化生产方式与常规生产方式的成本进行比较分析。结果显示,人工支出在常规生产方式的成本构成中所占比重最大,以机械替代人、畜力节约生产成本14.19%,其中以种植机械化的节约幅度最大,收获在机械化各环节成本构成中所占比重最大,凸显其重要性。并研究建立了"公顷纯收入"的多元线性回归模型,各自变量的贡献由大到小依次为:甘蔗单产、甘蔗收购价、肥料成本、委托机收费用。     

Possibilities for energy wood procurement in north-west Russia: Assessment of energy wood resources in the Leningrad region

Abstract

Methodology to assess the potential for energy wood procurement in Russia is described in this article and applied to the Leningrad region. Wood from thinnings, logging residues, non-industrial roundwood and residues from sawmilling are considered as sources for energy production. Energy wood available in the region, based on the 2004 actual cut, is approximately 4 million m³. Nearly 86% of this is non-industrial roundwood and felling residues, and 14% is by-products from sawmilling. Almost two-thirds of the non-industrial roundwood and felling residues are in cutting areas and one-third is in central processing yards. Deciduous tree species (birch and aspen) dominate in energy wood, representing about 65% of the total amount of felling residues and non-industrial wood. It is possible to intensify utilization of forest resources and thereby also to increase the use of wood in energy production. The total amount could be 54% higher if the allowable cut was fully utilized and 124% higher if thinnings were also utilized completely. There are, however, significant intraregional differences, as the current rate of utilization of forest resources varies in the region.     

套袋对苹果生产投资结构的影响及密植园遮光问题

 套袋技术目前已经广泛应用于果树生产, 特别是富士苹果套袋率在山东和陕西主产区超过75% , 每亩套袋量8 000～18 000个, 纸袋投资270～1 100元, 占生产总投入比重的1 /3, 占生产资料平均投入的45%; 而套袋和摘袋雇工成本在人工成本中占主要部分, 套袋对苹果生产投资结构产生了巨大影响。对乔砧密植园大量套袋苹果树进行光合测定发现, 套袋造成了投影部位5片以上叶子遮光, 无论树冠外围还是内膛, 被遮光的叶片净光合速率均为负值, 大量套袋极显著降低了树冠中部和内膛照光叶片的光合能力。有关果实套袋技术的应用应该根据市场和生产条件细分确定。     

谈建设工程成本控制

能实现一个建筑工程在保证安全无事故、高质量以及规定的工期下,追求成本的最小值。本文就建筑施工企业如何对工程的成本进行控制做了分析探讨。