Meta-analysis of fungicide efficacy on soybean target spot and cost–benefit assessment

Target spot of soybean has spread in Brazil, the southeastern United States and Argentina in the last decade. A collaborative network of field Uniform Fungicide Trials (UFT) in Brazil was created in 2011 to study the target spot control efficacy of fungicides, including azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr (AZ_BF), carbendazim (CZM), fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (FLUX_PYRA), epoxiconazole + FLUX_PYRA (EPO_FLUX_PYRA), mancozeb (MZB) and prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin (PROT_TRIF). Network meta-analysis was used to conduct a quantitative synthesis of UFT data collected from 2012 to 2016 and to evaluate the effects of disease pressure (DP, low ≤ 35% target spot severity in the nontreated control < high) and year of experiment on the overall mean efficacy and yield response to each of the tested fungicides. Based on mean percentage control of target spot severity, the tested fungicides fall into three efficacy groups (EG): high EG, FLUX_PYRA (76.2% control relative to the nontreated control) and EPO_FLUX_PYRA (75.7% control); intermediate EG, PROT_TRIF (66.5% control) and low EG, MZB (49.6% control), AZ_BF (46.7% control) and CZM (32.4% control). DP had a significant effect on yield response. At DP_Low, the highest response was due to PROT_TRIF (+342 kg ha⁻¹, +12.8%) and EPO_FLUX_PYRA (+295.5 kg ha⁻¹, +11.2%), whereas at DP_High, EPO_FLUX_PYRA and FLUX_PYRA outperformed the other treatments, with yield responses of 503 kg ha⁻¹ (+20.2%) and 469 kg ha⁻¹ (+19.1%), respectively. The probability of a positive return on fungicide investment ranged from 0.26 to 0.56 at DP_Low and from 0.34 to 0.66 at DP_High.     

Detoxification of α-tomatine by tomato pathogens Alternaria alternata tomato pathotype and Corynespora cassiicola and its role in infection

In tomato plants, α-tomatine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid saponin, inhibits fungal growth. Tomato pathogens that produce host-specific toxins, Alternaria alternata tomato pathotype causing Alternaria stem canker and Corynespora cassiicola causing Corynespora target spot, were investigated for sensitivity to α-tomatine. Although spore germination of A. alternata pathogenic and nonpathogenic to tomato and of C. cassiicola pathogenic to tomato was not affected by 0.1 mM α-tomatine, spore germination of C. cassiicola nonpathogenic to tomato was significantly inhibited. This result showed that A. alternata, regardless of its pathogenicity, and only the C. cassiicola pathogenic to tomato are resistant to α-tomatine. Germinating spores of A. alternata and C. cassiicola resistant to α-tomatine detoxified α-tomatine by degrading it to a less polar product. After inoculation of tomato leaves, spores of A. alternata and C. cassiicola nonpathogenic to tomato germinated and formed appressoria, but did not form infection hyphae in host tissues. When a host-specific toxin (CCT-toxin) produced by C. cassiicola pathogenic to tomato was added to nonpathogenic spores, colonization within leaves was observed in A. alternata, but not in C. cassiicola. On the other hand, when spores of C. cassiicola nonpathogenic to tomato were suspended in spore germination fluid of nonpathogenic A. alternata with α-tomatine detoxification activity, the fungus could be induced to colonize leaves in the presence of CCT-toxin. These results indicate that A. alternata tomato pathotype and C. cassiicola pathogenic to tomato detoxify α-tomatine during infection and that this detoxification is essential for host colonization by pathogens that produce host-specific toxins.     

肉桂双瓣卷蛾种群动态及综合治理研究

通过室内饲养和林间调查相结合的方法,研究了肉桂双瓣卷蛾的种群动态。该虫的发生、消长猖獗成灾与温度、湿度、林分结构和组成、林龄及天敌等环境因子有密切关系。提出了采取预防为主,营林技术措施为基础,生物防治为主导,科学地采取生物、人工、化学防治和保护利用天敌等的综合治理措施,可有效控制其危害。     

GST-MtDef4融合蛋白的原核表达及体外抑菌活性的检测

为研究苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)防卫素基因MtDef4的抑菌功能,以含有该基因片段的质粒pAND-MtDef4为模板,扩增出相应的目的基因,测序正确后将MtDef4基因片段连接到带有GST标签的原核表达载体pGEX6P-1中,转化大肠杆菌TransB(DE3),经IPTG诱导,Glutathione Sepharose 4B亲和纯化,通过SDS-PAGE电泳及Western blot确定融合蛋白的表达。体外抑菌试验表明,MtDef4能够抑制病原真菌Corynespora cassiicola而非Collectotrichum gloeosporioides的生长。本研究结果可为进一步培育转基因橡胶抗病品种奠定基础。     

广州地区6种野生蔬菜上的病原真菌记述

通过对广州地区规模种植的野生蔬菜秋葵Abelmoschus esculentus（L.）Moench、紫背天葵Gynura bicolor DC．、香麻叶Corchorus capsularis L．、黄花菜Hemerocallis citrina Baroni、四稜豆Psophocarpus tetragonolobus（L．）DC．、一点红Emilia sonchifolia（L．）DC等的病害进行调查及病原菌鉴定，明确了8种真菌病害，分别是秋葵链格孢叶斑病Alternaria malvae Roum.et Letendre、秋葵壳二胞叶斑病Ascochyta abelmoschi Harter、紫背天葵链格孢叶斑病Alternaria tenuissima（Fr）Wiltshire、紫背天葵棒孢叶斑病Corynespora cassiicola Berk．＆Curt．、香麻叶炭疽病Colletotrichum capsici（Syd．）Butl．＆Bisby、黄花菜炭疽病Colletotrichum gloeosporioides（Penzo）Sacc．、一点红壳针孢叶斑病Septoria lactucae Passerini和四棱豆小球腔叶斑病Leptosphaeria blumeri E.Muller，并对各病原真菌的形态进行了描述。除黄花菜炭疽病外，其它7个均为国内未报道的植物真菌新病害。     

多主棒孢菌在黄瓜、番茄和茄子寄主上致病力的分化

 对从山东、辽宁和北京蔬菜栽培地采集的黄瓜、番茄及茄子发病组织上分离的31株多主棒孢菌,和从海南橡胶上分离的10株多主棒孢菌,采用喷雾接种的方法,测定其在盆栽黄瓜、番茄和茄子上的致病力。试验结果表明,不同寄主来源菌株的致病力间存在明显的差异,寄主来源同致病力分化之间具有显著的相关性,从而证明多主棒孢菌的种内菌株存在寄主专化性的特征。相同寄主和相同地理来源的病原菌群体中致病力也存在强、中、弱的差异,说明多主棒孢菌具有明显的致病力分化现象。     

黄瓜棒孢叶斑病（褐斑病）病菌细胞壁降解酶产生条件及活性分析

通过对活体外细胞壁降解酶产生条件、活体接种黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌后细胞壁降解酶活性变化及活体内外产生的细胞壁降解酶活性比较的研究,结果表明：多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶（PMG）、多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶（PGTE）、果胶甲基反式消除酶（PMTE）、羧甲基纤维素酶（Cx）和β-葡萄糖苷酶6种酶均有特定的最适培养条件,持续振荡培养利于各种细胞壁降解酶的产生;Cx和β-葡萄糖苷酶在培养9 d时活性达到高峰,PG和PMG在培养12 d时活性达到高峰,PGTE、PMTE在培养15 d时活性最高;PG和PMG产生的最适温度为25 ℃,PGTE、PMTE、Cx、β-葡萄糖苷酶产生的最适温度为28 ℃;PG、PMG、Cx和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性在pH为6时最高,PGTE和PMTE的活性在pH为8时达到最高峰。4种果胶酶的活性在接种后第3天活性最高;而两种纤维素酶在接种后第5天活性最高。病菌在活体内和活体外产生的细胞壁降解酶的活性明显不同。     

黄瓜靶斑病药剂防治持效期的离体研究

离体条件下研究了7种杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病病菌防治的持效性。结果表明,不同药剂对病菌菌丝生长抑制的持效期不同。福美双对病菌的抑制效果最好,持效期达15 d以上,15 d后抑菌率仍达85%以上;溴菌腈、苯醚甲环唑、异菌脲对病菌菌丝生长也有较好的抑制效果,持效期也可达15 d;腈苯唑、烯肟菌酯对病菌的抑制效果较差,持效期为7 d;甲基托布津的抑菌效果最差,对病菌菌丝生长几乎没有抑制作用。     

莲藕棒孢霉叶斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性测定

对海南省海口市桂林洋莲藕田的莲藕植株上发生的一种新病害莲藕棒孢霉叶斑病的病原进行了鉴定,并对病原菌进行了生物学特性测定。研究结果表明:该病原菌为山扁豆生棒孢[Corynespora cassiicola (Berk.&Curst.) Wei];病原菌菌丝生长的适宜条件为温度25～30℃,pH 6～9,碳源为无水葡萄糖或D-木糖,氮源为牛肉膏或大豆蛋白胨;最适生长条件为温度28℃,pH 7,碳源为无水葡萄糖,氮源为牛肉膏。光照对该病原菌的影响不大。