Community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Robinia pseudoacacia in uncontaminated and heavy metal contaminated soils

The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil remediation has been widely recognized because of their ability to promote plant growth and increase phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal (HM) polluted soils by improving plant nutrient absorption and by influencing the fate of the metals in the plant and soil. However, the symbiotic functions of AMF in remediation of polluted soils depend on plant–fungus–soil combinations and are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. To better understand the adaptation of plants and the related mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, AMF colonization, spore density and community structure were analyzed in roots or rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia. Mycorrhization was compared between uncontaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil from a lead–zinc mining region of northwest China. Samples were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening with AMF-specific primers (NS31 and AM1), and sequencing of rRNA small subunit (SSU). The phylogenetic analysis revealed 28 AMF group types, including six AMF families: Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Pacisporaceae, and Gigasporaceae. Of all AMF group types, six (21%) were detected based on spore samples alone, four (14%) based on root samples alone, and five (18%) based on samples from root, soil and spore. Glo9 (Rhizophagus intraradices), Glo17 (Funneliformis mosseae) and Acau3 (Acaulospora sp.) were the three most abundant AMF group types in the current study. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations, pH, organic matter content, and phosphorus levels all showed significant correlations with the AMF species compositions in root and soil samples. Overall, the uncontaminated sites had higher species diversity than sites with heavy metal contamination. The study highlights the effects of different soil chemical parameters on AMF colonization, spore density and community structure in contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The tolerant AMF species isolated and identified from this study have potential for application in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas.     

香根草根际AM菌的感染特性

通过对不同种植时间、不同种植基质的香根草Vetiveria zizanioides分株苗、组培苗根际丛枝菌根(AM菌)感染检测,探讨了香根草对AM菌的感染特性.结果表明,在消过毒的森林泥炭土中,组培苗种植12个月感染率只有20.0%,感染强度低;种植22个月只有53.3%,感染强度为中.分株苗种植在自然土壤中,3个月就有AM菌感染,其感染率为56.7%;种植22个月感染率达到最高峰,为80.0%,感染强度为中等;种植时间为33个月时,感染率不再增加,但感染强度进一步增高.说明香根草根际AM菌的感染率和感染强度可能与苗源无关,而与种植基质密切相关.     

丛枝菌根真菌对茅苍术实生苗生长及根腐病发生的影响

根腐病是目前茅苍术栽培中危害最严重的病害之一。丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）能与90%以上的维管植物互惠共生,对植物土传病害有一定的抑制作用。为明确AMF对茅苍术根腐病的防治效果,试验采用盆栽法研究了Glomus mosseae（Gm）、Glomus intraradices（Gi）和Glomus etunicatum（Ge）3种AMF对1年生茅苍术苗生长及根腐病发生的影响。结果表明：3个AMF接种组的茅苍术苗菌根侵染率由高到低依次为Gm（60.44%）、Ge（55.89%）和Gi（52.33%）;3种AMF均能显著促进茅苍术苗的营养生长,以Ge促生长效果最为显著,但Gm对茅苍术苗地下部分物质积累的促进作用更大,Gm组茅苍术苗地下部分鲜重和干重的菌根依赖性分别达260.34%和285.45%;另外,3种AMF均能降低茅苍术苗根腐病的发生,减轻病情指数,提高其根系抗病相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的活性,其中G. mosseae和G. etunicatum防治效果较好,防效分别为53.15%和62.94%。AMF能促进茅苍术苗的营养生长,减轻其根腐病害的发生,G. mosseae和G. etunicatum可作为茅苍术根腐病防治的备选生物菌剂进行深入的研究与应用。     

菌根桑恢复喀斯特石漠化地区的研究探讨

菌根桑能与石漠化地区贫瘠、干旱等主要生态障碍相耦合,有利于减轻贫瘠干旱胁迫,成为喀斯特石漠化生态治理的一种新的有效措施。在综述丛枝菌根真菌的结构、生理生态功能的基础上,初步探讨了石漠化恢复过程中菌根桑的可利用性以及在调查桑树根系丛枝菌根真菌多样性、影响丛枝菌根真菌多样性的关键因子、筛选优良抗性菌株、丛枝菌根真菌与喀斯特石漠化地区桑树的共生机制等几个方面开展前期研究工作,旨在从全新的角度探讨菌根桑对喀斯特生境的适应对策以及为岩溶生态系统退化与恢复机理奠定基础,从而保证菌根桑在石漠化地区的可持续发展。     

丛枝菌根真菌对鸢尾的促进作用研究

为高效利用水陆两栖植物鸢尾修复污染水体,本研究通过测定不同的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与鸢尾构建共生体系的生长指标、土壤理化性质及植物光合作用指标,探讨不同AMF对水生植物鸢尾的促进作用。结果表明:AMF对鸢尾的促进作用主要体现在地上及地下两部分,其中地下部分通过利用其庞大的菌丝网络吸收土壤中的营养物质,进而促进了鸢尾的生长,其中对比无菌剂侵染的空白植物,摩西球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高71.75%,磷元素的吸收率提高8.36%,而根内球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高42.55%,磷元素的吸收率提高9.5%;而地上部分则是通过加强叶片气孔导度的开启来调控植物净光合速率与蒸腾速率之间的平衡,进而提高了鸢尾的最优水资源利用率,加快植物的新陈代谢,最终促进植物的生长发育。其中对于鸢尾光合作用的调节摩西球囊霉的促进效果显著好于(P<0.05)根内球囊霉。     

两种丛枝菌根菌抗旱效应的比较

丛枝菌根可在与植物共生的过程中增加植物对营养元素的吸收, 增加植物的生长量, 提 高植物的抗旱抗涝性。在盆栽条件下, 水分控制在10 %左右时, 接菌的小麦和对照相比降低了 气孔的阻力, 提高了叶片气孔传导力, 蒸腾速率, 有效光合作用和水平利用效率。     

丛枝菌根对酸枣实生苗耐盐性的影响

本文研究了在土中加入不同量NaCl条件下 (0、1 5、3 0、4 5gkg-1干土 )接种丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF)Glomusmosseae对盆栽酸枣 (ZizyphusspinosusHu)实生苗生长及耐盐性的影响。结果表明 ,无论接种与否 ,植株的高度、根茎叶的干鲜重均随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而降低 ,而根、茎、叶和整株的Na浓度及Na全量均随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而增大。在土壤盐浓度相同的条件下 ,接种AMF植株的生长量 (株高、鲜重、干重等 )和叶片的叶绿素含量显著高于不接种植株。接种AMF的植株茎、叶中Na浓度低于不接种植株 ,而根中Na浓度、植株Na总量显著高于不接种植株。盐浓度最大的接种处理 ,其植株生长量和叶片叶绿素含量均高于不加盐不接菌处理。播种时进行盐胁迫处理和播种后 4 0d开始进行盐胁迫处理对菌根的侵染率、植株生长的影响差异不显著。上述四种盐浓度播种时进行盐处理的接种AMF植株的总干重比不接种植株分别提高 16 4 %、14 9%、4 8%、35 % ,在播种后 4 0d进行盐处理的接种AMF的植株比不接种植株分别提高 194 %、12 7%、72 %、4 6 %。结果证明 ,酸枣实生苗具有较强的耐盐性 ,其生长对菌根真菌有很强的依赖性 ,接种菌根真菌提高了其耐盐能力。     

梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草的丛枝菌根侵染研究

从北京、武汉、南京、重庆、昆明五个梅园和野梅主要分布区的云南嵩明、四川木里、贵州茂兰自然保护区,以及北京林业大学的梅圃中分别于春、夏、秋、冬四季,采集梅花根际土壤300份。以梅花根际土壤和蛭石体积为1∶1混合作为栽培基质,种植三叶草,培养4个月后,应用染色镜检法测定丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)侵染三叶草根系的状况。结果表明:所有梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草都有丛枝菌根侵染;野生梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草的丛枝菌根侵染率高于人工梅园;四季的梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草丛枝菌根侵染在季节间无明显差异。     

丛枝菌根菌对大田辣椒产量及抗病性的影响

在大田辣椒上接种两种丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae)和(Glomus etunicatum)。两种处理的单株产量比对照都有显著提高,其中G.etunicatum的单株产量增加了116.4%,疫霉病发病率降低了41%。     

Soil microbial communities resistant to changes in plant functional group composition

The soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition. We used a removal experiment in a northern Canadian grassland to examine the effects of plant functional group identity on soil microbial community structure and function. Plant functional groups (graminoids, legumes and forbs) were removed independently from plots for five growing seasons (2003-2007) and in the fifth year effects on the soil microbial community were examined using substrate-induced respiration (SIR - a measure of metabolic diversity) and phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA - a measure of microbial community composition). Removal treatments were also crossed with both a fertilizer treatment and a fungicide treatment to determine if effects of functional group identity on the soil community were context dependent. Plant functional group identity had almost no effect on the soil microbial community as measured by either SIR or PLFA. Likewise, soil properties including total carbon, pH, moisture and nutrients showed a limited response to plant removals in the fifth year after removals. We found a direct effect of fertilizer on the soil community, with fertilized plots having decreased metabolic diversity, with a decreased ability to metabolize amino acids and a phenolic acid, but there was no direct soil microbial response to fungicide. We show that in this northern Canadian grassland the soil microbial community is relatively insensitive to changes in plant functional group composition, and suggest that in northern ecosystems, where plant material is only slowly incorporated into the soil, five growing seasons may be insufficient to detect the impact of a changing plant community on the soil microbes.