莲藕淀粉RVA谱特征和淀粉粒形态的研究

 对莲藕根状茎成熟期淀粉特性的研究结果表明: 4个品种表观直链淀粉含量(AAC) 从高到低依次为‘美人红’、‘鄂莲1号’、‘鄂莲4号’和‘武植2号’。根状茎中淀粉粒形态主要有近圆球形和长椭球形两种, 武植2号和鄂莲4号近圆球形淀粉粒明显多于鄂莲1号、美人红。武植2号和鄂莲4号的淀粉糊化特性相似, 其峰值粘度均较高, 冷胶粘度显著低于峰值粘度, 且回复值较小, 消减值为负值; 鄂莲1号和美人红的峰值粘度均较小, 冷胶粘度接近甚至大于峰值粘度, 回复值、消减值均显著大于武植2号和鄂莲4号。AAC与峰值粘度和崩解值呈极显著负相关, r分别为- 0.9748^**和- 0.9793^**, 与回复值、消减值呈极显著正相关, r分别为0.9860^**和0.9804^**, 与冷胶粘度、峰值时间、糊化温度呈显著正相关, r分别为0.9339^*、0.9392^*、0.9130^*。淀粉粒形态结构上的差异可能造成了淀粉糊化特性的差异。     

莲鞭扦插繁殖初报

1987～1988两年在杭州采用莲鞭扦插法代替传统的种藕繁殖,结果表明,莲鞭扦插具有下列优点:1.节约种藕.扩大繁殖系数.加速良种繁育.2.提高藕田复种指数,3.延长嫩藕上市时间.4.所结的藕体大小比较均匀,适宜作种藕.     

椰壳自动粉碎机的设计

针对椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)壳质地坚硬、难以粉碎的特点,结合目前中国南方热带城市的椰子加工现状,设计了一种椰壳粉碎设备,介绍了其挤压装置、液压传动装置、粉碎刀的设计。结果表明,设计的椰壳自动粉碎机粉碎率为93%,粉碎时间不到人工粉碎时间的1/5。该设备的实现可降低人工劳动强度,操作简便,可靠性高,提高了椰子产品的综合利用率,符合目前椰子综合处理的需求。     

莲藕棒孢霉叶斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性测定

对海南省海口市桂林洋莲藕田的莲藕植株上发生的一种新病害莲藕棒孢霉叶斑病的病原进行了鉴定,并对病原菌进行了生物学特性测定。研究结果表明:该病原菌为山扁豆生棒孢[Corynespora cassiicola (Berk.&Curst.) Wei];病原菌菌丝生长的适宜条件为温度25～30℃,pH 6～9,碳源为无水葡萄糖或D-木糖,氮源为牛肉膏或大豆蛋白胨;最适生长条件为温度28℃,pH 7,碳源为无水葡萄糖,氮源为牛肉膏。光照对该病原菌的影响不大。     

Genetic diversity and relationships of lotus (Nelumbo) cultivars based on allozyme and ISSR markers

Genetic diversity and genetic relationships of lotus (Nelumbo Adanson) cultivars were evaluated using allozyme and ISSR markers. The samples used covered 11 accessions of possible hybrids between Nelumbo nucifera and Nelumbo lutea and 92 accessions of N. nucifera including 69 flower lotus, 13 rhizome lotus, 5 seed lotus and 5 wild lotus. For allozyme studies, a total of 31 alleles at 23 loci of 18 enzyme systems were detected of which 5 (21.7%) loci Aat, Idh, Mdh-2, Pgd, Sod were polymorphic. The loci of Aat and Idh included two alleles, Mdh-2, Pgd and Sod included three alleles. Eighteen genotypes were detected with the 13 alleles of the 5 polymorphic loci. The parameters of average allele number, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and Shannon information index of 92 N. nucifera samples were 1.35 ± 0.71, 0.06 ± 0.21, 0.05 ± 0.14, 0.10 ± 023, respectively. Thirteen ISSR primers generated 93 loci, of which 37.63% were polymorphic across all samples. The percentage of polymorphic loci, average allele number, expected heterozygosity and Shannon information index of 92 N. nucifera samples were 26.67%, 1.30 ± 0.46, 0.10 ± 0.18 and 0.15 ± 0.25, respectively for the ISSR data. The ‘Bottleneck effect’ and rapid propagation of clones after the ice ages may explain the low genetic diversity of lotus. The dendrograms based on ISSR and allozymes were not congruent. Based on the ISSR data, the 103 samples were divided into the N. nucifera group (Group I), and the group containing inter-specific hybrids between N. nucifera and N. lutea (Group II). The flower lotus, rhizome lotus, and seed lotus each has multiple sources of origin. Plant size, a criterion commonly used in the classification of cultivars of lotus, is not correlated with genetic variation. Flower color is correlated with the cultivar classification to some degree, but its variation is complex in the hybrids.     

Molecular characterisation of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties using ISSR and SSR markers

The present study was carried out to standardise a DNA isolation protocol for coconut and to characterize five coconut varieties using 18 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. DNA was extracted from tender young leaf samples collected from the fronds of five different trees of each coconut variety. A protocol using 0.095 g ml^?1 glucose, 0.025 g ml^?1 polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.0045 g ml^?1 sodium bisulphite, 0.0055 g ml^?1 sodium dodecyl sulphate, and 50 µl ml^?1 sarcosine produced good quality DNA. The average polymorphism percentages revealed using ISSR or SSR markers between the five varieties were 31.9% or 92.9%, respectively. Using ISSR markers, the overall similarity between all five varieties ranged from 0.657 to 0.775, whereas it was 0.037–0.304 using SSR markers. The levels of polymorphism detected using ISSR markers among the five samples each of ‘Banawali’, ‘Gangabondum Green Dwarf’, ‘Pratap’, ‘Konkan Bhatye Coconut Hybrid-I’, and ‘East Coast Tall’ were 23.2%, 24.2%, 25.6%, 27.1%, and 21.2%, respectively. The levels of polymorphism detected using SSR markers among the five samples of the same five varieties were 85.7%, 86.9%, 85.7%, 100%, and 92.9%, respectively. This study indicated that genetic variation existed both between and within samples of each of the five varieties of coconut. SSR markers were superior to ISSR markers. The extent of genetic variation obtained within a variety was not expected, so it is essential to maintain seed purity via artificial pollination.     

僵藕的发病症状及细胞结构

观察研究了僵藕的形态特征和茎叶细胞的超微结构。结果表明:僵藕藕身表面出现棕褐色斑点、条斑,表皮细胞和薄壁细胞常被破坏形成空腔,薄壁细胞中淀粉粒减少,维管束衰退,导管发育不全,筛管内含物积聚,运输功能受损;叶绿体和线粒体结构混乱,膜解体、消失,细胞核核膜不清,核仁不明显;液泡内含物聚集;僵藕病叶叶肉细胞和叶脉细胞中有6~8臂的风轮状内含体,同时在僵藕病叶组织的粗提取液中发现线条状病毒粒子。     

High diversity,expanding populations and purifying selection in phytoplasmas causing coconut lethal yellowing in Mozambique

In this study, the putative phytoplasma species causing coconut lethal yellowing disease in Mozambique and Tanzania were characterized. The 16S rRNA and secA genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mozambican coconut phytoplasmas belong to three different types: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola’ 16SrXXII‐A, a second strain that was previously isolated in Tanzania and Kenya (16SrIV‐C), and a third strain that was different from all known lethal yellowing phytoplasma species. The third strain potentially represents a novel species and is closely related to pine phytoplasma. Co‐infection with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini’‐related and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola’ 16SrXXII‐A strains was observed. Furthermore, sequence variation in ‘Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola’ at the population level was consistent with purifying selection and population expansion.     

山楂、冬瓜、荷叶天然复合保健饮料的工艺研究

以山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida)、冬瓜[Benincasa hispida(Thunb.)Cogn.]、荷(Nelumbo nucifera)叶为原料制作天然复合保健饮料,添加蔗糖、柠檬酸、CMC-Na、蜂蜜为辅料,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化其工艺。结果表明,制作天然复合保健饮料的优化工艺为饮料原汁100 m L、蜂蜜4%、蔗糖2%、柠檬酸0.05%、CMC-Na 0.08%,在此工艺条件下制得的天然复合保健饮料色、香、味俱佳。     

基于ISSR标记的20种荷花品种资源遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究20种荷花材料遗传多样性和亲缘关系。[方法]利用ISSR-PCR体系筛选出16条多态性引物,并利用16条ISSR引物对20种荷花材料进行PCR扩增。[结果]16条引物扩增出225个位点,多态性位点占75.56%。通过Popgene32软件计算出20个荷花品种间的相似性系数为0.577 8~0.951 1,平均值为0.779 6。通过聚类分析将20个荷花品种分为两大类,白洋淀红莲和冬瓜莲可归为一类,其他18个品种划分为第二类。[结论]ISSR标记技术可有效应用于不同荷花品种的遗传多样性分析和亲缘关系的鉴定。