菠萝蜜种子淀粉制备香草兰微胶囊的工艺研究

以菠萝蜜种子淀粉为壁材,采用饱和水溶液法制备香草兰精油微胶囊,以包埋产率为指标,采用响应面分析法对微胶囊的包埋条件进行优化探讨。结果表明:5个单因素中,影响最显著的因素为壁芯材比例、包埋温度和包埋时间。响应面优化得到香草兰精油微胶囊的最佳工艺条件为壁芯材比例为7.5∶1;包埋时间72 min;包埋温度54℃,此条件下的包埋产率为(95.46±0.2)%,包埋率为(76.35±0.6)%,载油量为(27.73±0.3)%。试验证明,此条件结果与模型预测值相吻合,此工艺条件可为菠萝蜜种子淀粉包埋香草兰精油微胶囊工艺提供理论依据。     

Effect of Heat Stress on Grain Growth, Starch Synthesis and Protein Synthesis in Grains of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties Differing in Grain Weight Stability

The effect of heat stress on the components of grain weight was analysed in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in grain weight stability. The wheat varieties PBW154, Sonalika and Hindi62 were raised in the field (New Delhi, India; 77°12' E, 28°40' N, 228.6 m a.s.l.) at three dates of sowing: 19 November 1992 (DOS I), 14 December 1992 (DOS II) and 18 January 1993 (DOS III). The late-sown crop (DOS III) experienced 6–8 °C warmer temperatures during grain development than the crop sown at the normal time (DOS I). The heat susceptibility index (S) revealed that grain weight was less susceptible to heat in Sonalika and PBW154 than in Hindi62. Heat stress reduced both the grain growth duration (GGD) and the grain growth rate (GGR). The grain weight reduction in PBW154 and Sonalika was mainly due to a reduction in GGR, while that of Hindi62 was due to a reduction in GGD. In vivo studies on starch and protein synthesis in excised endosperm at 15, 25 and 35 °C revealed that both processes were more thermotolerant in Hindi62 than in PBW154. The grain starch content was stable in Hindi62 while that in PBW154 was significantly reduced under heat stress. The grain nitrogen content at maturity increased in both varieties under heat stress. It was concluded that the heat susceptibility of grain weight in Hindi62 was mainly due to a reduction in GGD, although GGR, starch and protein synthesis were more thermotolerant in developing grains of Hindi62 than in those of PBW154.     

导入AGPase基因的转基因可育水稻及其经济性状的研究

以农杆菌介导法将淀粉合成关键酶AGPase(腺嘌呤二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶）基因导入云南地方优质水稻合系35，38，39，41，42中，获得了大量的可育转基因植株。PCR扩增检测，外源基因已稳定整合进水稻基因组中。大量的农艺性状及淀粉含量研究表明，转基因水稻种子的千粒重比对照明显提高，但总淀粉含量没有显著变化。     

春小麦蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉含量间的相关与回归分析

本文通过对20个春小麦品种(或品系)蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉百分含量间的相关、回归、协方差分析,表明蛋白质百分含量与淀粉百分含量间为极显著的负相关;脂肪百分含量与淀粉百分含量间为极显著的负相关;蛋白质百分含量与脂肪百分含量间为极显著的正相关。并建立了淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质百分含量间的回归方程。在同一试验条件下,各品种(或品系)蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉百分含量变异系数的大小,在一定程度上反映出各品种在品质性状上的纯合程度。变异系数愈小,表明纯合程度愈高;变异系数愈大,表明纯合程度愈低。因此,在那些变异系数较大的品种(或品系)中,可选出表型性状与原品种(或品系)基本相似,而在品质性状上却有较大提高的优质新品系。     

Effect of live weight and dietary supplement of raw potato starch on the levels of skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate in entire male pigs

This study evaluated the effect of supplement of raw potato starch (RPS) on the levels of skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate in plasma from entire male pigs. The study also evaluated relationships between plasma levels of skatole and testicular steroids at three different live weights (LW) of approximately 90, 100 and 115 kg. A total of 111 entire male pigs of a crossbred (Yorkshire dams×Swedish Landrace sires) were used. Animals were raised either in mixed pens, with females and males, or single-sex pens. Each pen contained seven or nine pigs. The most fast-growing three pigs from the pens with nine pigs were slaughtered when they reached 90 kg LW, and the remaining pigs were slaughtered at 115 kg LW. All pigs were fed the same commercial diet until the average pen weight reached 100 kg. Then, 33 out of 80 remaining pigs received RPS, 0.6 kg per pig and day, for 2 weeks prior to slaughter. Blood samples were taken from the pigs at three occasions: first, the day prior to first slaughter occasion, low-weight group; second, the day prior to change in diet, middle-weight group; and third, the day prior to second slaughter occasion, high-weight group. Plasma was analysed for the levels of skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate. Fat samples were taken at slaughter and analysed for the levels of skatole and androstenone. The levels of skatole and testicular steroids in plasma were significantly higher in entire male pigs from the high-weight group fed no RPS compared to those from low- and middle-weight groups. The levels of the investigated compounds did not differ between low- and middle-weight groups (P>0.1). The diet with RPS induced a decline in skatole levels in plasma and fat (P<0.001), but not plasma levels of testicular steroids and fat levels of androstenone (P>0.05). Skatole levels were positively correlated to testosterone and oestrone sulphate levels in the middle- and high-weight pigs fed no RPS as well as to testosterone in the low-weight group. In the high-weight group fed RPS, skatole levels were not correlated to any of the analysed compounds. Approximately 26% of the entire male pigs (11 out of 43) from the high-weight group fed no RPS produced skatole levels in fat above 0.20 μg/g, whereas the pigs from the low- and high-weight group fed RPS did not produce skatole levels above 0.20 μg/g in fat. Androstenone levels in fat were high in all groups. In total 47% (52 out of 111) pigs expressed androstenone levels above the rejection levels in fat of 1.0 μg/g and 88% (98 out of 111) had androstenone levels above 0.5 μg/g. It was concluded that a lower slaughter weight and the supplement of raw potato starch to the diet could be used to reduce skatole levels in entire male pigs. Androstenone levels in fat, however, could not be reduced by either a lower weight at slaughter or dietary manipulation.     

反刍动物过瘤胃淀粉研究进展

过瘤胃淀粉是高产反刍动物葡萄糖的重要来源之一。本文阐述了过瘤胃淀粉在反刍动物营养中的作用,以及提高饲料过瘤胃淀粉比例的处理方法,并根据近年来的应用研究状况,提出了过瘤胃淀粉在应用中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

半自然条件下几种赤眼蜂及品系对亚洲玉米螟卵寄生能力比较

在半自然条件(田间网罩)下,将人工饲养的玉米螟卵按4、8、16块/株3个处理分别固定在网罩内的玉米植株中上部叶片上,然后每网罩分别引入供试赤眼蜂20头,24 h后更换玉米螟卵块,连续3 d。7 d后调查供寄生的玉米螟卵被寄生率及羽化率。结果表明:在半自然条件下广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1品系虽寄生能力高于其他供试品系,但到第2、3天明显降低;玉米螟赤眼蜂北京6-2-2品系每天均维持一个较平稳的寄生能力,产卵量在时间上的分配比较分散,并在第2、3天显示出比其他品系较高的寄生潜能。广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1品系的卵块寄生数量可随卵块密度的增加而增加,而其他品系则在各处理密度下,寄生数量基本没有变化;从卵粒寄生率看,广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1和吉林1-2两个品系的寄生数量随卵块密度的增加而大幅度提高,其他品系增加幅度较小。     

断奶前补饲不同直/支链淀粉比开食料对羔羊瘤胃上皮发育的影响

为了研究断奶前补饲不同直/支链淀粉比开食料对羔羊瘤胃上皮发育的影响,选取24只体况良好、胎次一致、体重相近的10日龄羔羊(湖羊),将其随机分为3组,在饲喂相同母乳的基础上,分别补饲以纯木薯(CS)、玉米(MS)和豌豆淀粉(PS)(直/支链淀粉比分别约为0.11,0.27和0.44)为唯一淀粉来源的开食料。试验期间,每天4:00-19:00将羔羊抱入补饲栏补饲不同直/支链淀粉比的开食料,并且在6:30, 10:30和15:30将羔羊抱回母羊舍哺乳1 h。羔羊自由饮水,单栏饲喂,自由采食燕麦干草。56日龄时屠宰采样,采集瘤胃组织样品制作石蜡切片进行瘤胃乳头形态测定,采集瘤胃上皮样品提取RNA测定相关基因表达。结果表明:CS组羔羊瘤胃乳头长度和表面积显著(P<0.001)高于MS和PS组,CS和MS组羔羊瘤胃乳头宽度显著(P=0.001)高于PS组。对瘤胃上皮各层厚度统计显示,CS和PS组羔羊瘤胃上皮角质层厚度显著(P=0.001)高于MS组;CS和MS组羔羊瘤胃上皮颗粒层厚度显著高于(P<0.001)PS组;CS组羔羊瘤胃上皮棘基层厚度和总厚度显著(P<0.001)高于MS和PS组。qRT-PCR结果显示:不同直/支链淀粉比开食料显著影响羔羊瘤胃上皮CDK2和CDK6的mRNA表达量(CS>MS>PS, P<0.001);CS组羔羊瘤胃上皮细胞cyclin A和CDK4的mRNA表达量显著(P<0.05)高于PS组,但与MS组无显著差异;CS组羔羊瘤胃上皮cyclin D1的mRNA表达量显著(P=0.012)低于PS组,但与MS组无显著差异。CS组羔羊瘤胃上皮类胰岛素生长因子-1(insulin like growth factor,IGF-1)的mRNA表达量显著(P<0.001)高于MS和PS组,CS和MS组羔羊瘤胃上皮IGF-1R的mRNA表达量显著(P=0.001)高于PS组。上述结果表明:较高支链淀粉比开食料与较高直链淀粉比开食料相比,在瘤胃中较易降解生成挥发性脂肪酸,促进瘤胃上皮IGF-1及细胞周期蛋白mRNA的表达,进而有利于断奶前羔羊瘤胃上皮的发育。研究结果对制订羔羊营养方案具有重要指导意义。