牧草抗旱机理与节水灌溉技术研究

在干旱、半干旱地区，牧草因长期处于亏水环境中，形成了一定的抗性，存在一个较宽的对水分利用相对较高的生理耗水阈值。木文从这一水分生理角度出发，在充分研究牧草生理生态适旱系列变化过程的基础上，确定了几种干旱半干旱草地的经济耗水量，并制定出相应的经济灌溉制度。     

心材提取物和专用木材防腐剂作为木材保护剂的相对功效

本文调查了三种耐用木材(Afzelia africana J.E. Smith; Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenam. Syn. E guinensis G.Don. or Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Syn. Chlorophora excelsa (Welw) Benth.)的心材提取物（在60%的甲醇中风干提取）和两种专用木材防腐剂（CCA和Penta）在暴露的土壤区组设计条件下，抑制三种木材腐朽菌(Coridopsis Polyzona Klotzch; Lenzites trabea; or Trametes cingulata Fr.)对见血封喉边材的侵袭的相对潜能，并测定其阈值。提取物和防腐剂的剂量分别是8.009、24.778、48.056、96.111、144.167 kg·m-3 ，样品的暴露处理时间与ASTM D1413-72规定的一致分别是14周和18周。结果显示：在阈值范围内，任何一种心材提取物或木材防腐剂在研究中对木材腐朽菌的抑制能力在0.01的显著水平下，差异显著。这些生物杀灭剂的相对功效是取决于真菌的种类。没有任何一种心材提取物或木材防腐剂（除在用最高的存留水平处理被侵袭的非洲毒箭木的条件下）对于被处理的木材能够授予"非常持久"等级。本土树种的心材提取物相对持久力的减少的可能原因是复杂的。在最高的存留量（144.167 kg·m-3）水平下，在0.05显著水平下每种心材提取物和任一种专用木材防腐剂（CCA和Penta）之间的功效差异不显著.     

露地栽培条件下大白菜氮肥投入阈值研究

通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮量对大白菜产量、氮肥利用率、硝态氮残留量的影响。结果表明,施氮对大白菜有显著的增产作用,但随着施氮量的增加产量变化不大,产量对施氮量的反应呈平台模式。氮肥利用率在3.3%-12.6%,并且随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在施氮量为656.4 kg/hm^2（纯氮300 kg/hm^2＋有机肥12 000 kg/hm^2）时,氮肥利用率和作物产量最高。合理控制氮肥用量会促进作物对土壤氮素的吸收。施氮可明显提高0-180 cm剖面土壤NO3--N的累积量,残留的NO3--N的分布随施氮量的增加而显著增加,并且随施氮量的增加残留深度下移,表现出明显的底层累积。各处理土壤氮均集中在0-100 cm土层中,100 cm土层以下,各处理氮含量渐趋一致。综合不同施氮量对大白菜产量以及环境指标的影响,在本试验肥力水平下,大白菜氮肥投入阈值为656.4 kg/hm^2（纯氮300 kg/hm^2＋有机肥12 000 kg/hm^2）时,能够兼顾作物高产与环境安全。     

Impact of defoliation on yield of group IV soybeans in Mississippi

Field experiments were conducted during 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the effects of defoliation on maturity group IV soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., grown in Mississippi. During each year, two locations were planted with maturity group IV soybeans that were subjected to various levels of defoliation during R3, R5, and R6 growth stages. Soybeans were subjected to various levels of defoliation within the upper 50% of the plant canopy, lower 50% of the plant canopy, and whole-plant canopy. There was greater yield loss from defoliation occurring in the upper plant canopy compared with the lower plant canopy during R3 and R5 stages, but no difference between canopy regions during R6 stage. Yield loss from whole plant defoliation was greater than upper or lower canopy defoliation. Results confirmed that soybeans during R3 and R5 stages are more susceptible to yield loss than during R6. However, yield losses were not significantly different between R 3 and R5 until defoliation exceeded 63%. Dynamic economic injury levels were determined for each growth stage based on yield loss equations, value of the crop, and cost of control and can be used as a basis for developing action thresholds in high-yielding soybean production environments.     

Phenological development in spring cereals: response to temperature and photoperiod under northern conditions

Phenological development of spring cereals was investigated using observations from several sites in Finland during the period 1970–1990. Different mathematical models which relate temperature to development rate were examined to predict the duration of phenological phases. A photoperiodic response of plant development before heading was also tested. For all phases the relationship between temperature and development was approximately linear. There was no significant response of plant development to photoperiod. This was explained by consistently long photoperiods in the observational material. Parameters for a linear model were derived from a regression analysis of mean development rate of each phase against mean temperature. However, a different response may occur under higher or lower temperatures or under shorter photoperiods than those experienced here.     

冬小麦对不同土壤水分的生理和形态响应

采用深桶栽培结合测坑法，从冬小麦反青至蜡熟期保持不同的土壤水分，分生育期对小麦的形态、生理和根系进行了测定。结果表明：调控土壤水分可明显改变冬小麦根、冠生长量比率。适宜的土壤水分胁迫（田持的５０％－６０％）可促进冬小麦根系发育，高土壤水分更有利于地上部生长。土壤水分长期低于田间持水量的６０％时，较显著地叶片的增大，从而减小截获光能的总叶面积，最终降低生物学产量和经济产量。土壤水分由“田持”的４６％升高到５５％，光合速率增幅不大，由５５％提高到６４％，光合速率出现跃迁式增高，土壤水分超过６４％后，光合速率几乎为等值。说明光合作用对土壤水分存在一个“阈值”反应，此值为土壤田间持水量的６５％左右。冬小麦的蒸腾速率随土壤水分递增而一直递增；综合考虑蒸腾速率与光合速率及水分利用效率之间关系，可以得出高土壤水分条件下冬小麦存在奢侈蒸腾耗水现象。     

菜蛾的发育起点温度和有效积温研究

采用18、21、24、27、30℃5个温度对菜蛾(Plutella xylostellaL)各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行了测定。结果表明,卵、幼虫、蛹在18~30℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤以24~27℃条件下最适宜于菜蛾的生长发育,发育速率与温度呈直线关系。卵、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、三龄幼虫、四龄幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为11.07、9.49、9.96、10.20、9.96、8.96℃,有效积温分别为47.10、36.90、34.03、33.62、34.03、72.83日.度。在宁夏菜蛾一年可发生6~7代,在沙芥生长期发生3~4代。     

玉米对持续干旱的反应及红壤干旱阈值

 【目的】研究玉米对红壤干旱的反应以及红壤干旱程度定量表达和干旱阈值。【方法】在田间小区遮雨条件下种植夏玉米，设置连续干旱12～36 d等6个处理，用FDR水分仪每日测量0～60 cm不同土层含水量，定期观测玉米植株生长状况和气孔导度，收割后考种。【结果】玉米的株高、茎粗、气孔导度、根系数量等测量值在不同干旱天数之后显著降低，在不同土壤干旱程度下出现阈值反应，连续干旱25 d之后，玉米籽粒产量显著降低5%。干旱过程中，土层贮水量和累积相对失水量之间的关系可以用对数线性方程表示，将方程的斜率转换为取值在［0，1］区间的指数D，可以定量表达土壤干旱程度。【结论】D值既可以表示土壤干旱状况又可以表示作物受旱程度，玉米拔节－抽穗期红壤干旱程度D达到0.55则产量显著降低。     

基于正交小波系数的阈值降噪法

依据信号与噪声小波变换系数的差异,提出的用阈值法去噪可以很好的使噪声得到抑制,且几乎保留了原始信号所有的特征点.本文详细阐述了小波分析信噪分离的基本原理和方法,通过仿真分析得到良好的效果,为信号去噪提供一条有效的途径.     

田间枣树叶片复杂目标图像综合分割方法

设计了一种复杂图像分割的综合算法。首先对图像进行预处理,锁定大致目标范围,对图像进行增强,再基于阈值分割和Canny算子对图像进行初步分割。然后结合形态学处理方法及各种逻辑运算对分割结果进行优化处理,得到精确完整的目标图像。以田间枣树叶片图像为例进行实验,证明了该算法的可行性和有效性。该算法对叶片重叠、叶片灰度不均匀等复杂图像都有很好的分割效果,获得了边缘清晰、平滑、定位精确的边缘图像。