Calibration and validation of optical chlorophyll‐measuring devices for use in predicting crude protein concentration in tropical grass herbage

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI and Yara N‐Tester as easy‐to‐use and cost‐effective tools for predicting foliar chlorophylls (a, b and total) and crude protein (CP) concentrations in herbage from three tropical grass species. Optical chlorophyll measurements were taken at three stages (4, 8 and 12 weeks) of regrowth maturity in Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Mulato II (Brachiaria hybrid) and at 6 and 12 weeks maturity in Paspalum spp (Paspalum atratum). Grass samples were harvested subsequent to optical measurements for laboratory analysis to determine CP and solvent‐extractable chlorophylls (a, b and total) concentrations. Optical chlorophyll measurements and CP concentrations were highly correlated (Yara N‐Tester: r² = 0·77–0·89; Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI: r² = 0·52–0·84). Crude protein prediction models from the Yara N‐Tester and Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI accounted for 70–89% and 44–73% CP variability, respectively, in Mulato II and Guinea grass. The Yara N‐tester produced more accurate and reliable CP estimates based on very high concordance correlation coefficient [CCC (0·73–0·91)] and low rMSPE, mean and regression bias. It is concluded that the Yara N‐Tester produces more accurate and reliable CP estimates of tropical pastures.     

MENSURATION OF THE NORMAL PITUITARY GLAND FROM MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES IN 96 DOGS

The pituitary gland was measured from transverse magnetic resonance T1-weighted images after Gadolinium administration in 96 dogs weighing from 13 to 45 kg. The measurements were done by hand with calipers. The mean (+/- standard deviation) pituitary gland height was 5.1 mm (+/-0.9 mm). The mean width was 6.4 mm (+/- 1.1 mm). The correlation coefficient between pituitary and brain measurements, between pituitary measurement and body weight, and brain measurements and body weight was 0.0 to 0.3. A hyperintense region was present on T1-weighted images in the center of the pituitary gland in 64% of the dogs. At necropsy the pituitary glands were grossly and histologically normal. No pituitary gland measurements were performed at necropsy.     

一种采用无线数据传输方式的储粮仓群测温系统

基于无线收发芯片和1-Wire总线数字温度传感器,实现了可进行无线数据传输的大型储粮仓群温度监测系统。该系统包括主机和信号采集分机,主机负责管理每个粮仓的温度信号采集分机,定时或根据操作者指令向分机发出数据传输指令,各个粮仓分机根据收到的指令进行温度数据的传输。该系统在继承了全数字粮仓测温系统硬件结构简单、安装及维修方便等优点的基础上,实现了测温数据的无线传输,适于在大型分散式储粮仓群以及不便于布线的粮库中应用。     

Analysis of a Long-term Experiment with Repeated-measurement Models

Long‐term experiments are a classical case of repeated measurements. Traits are measured on the same experimental unit over many years so that correlations arise between the observations made on the same plot in consecutive years. This paper describes the analysis of a three‐crop‐rotation long‐term experiment. We analysed the yields of the crops and the organic carbon content in the topsoil over 30 consecutive years. Several variance–covariance approaches are discussed and the trait‐specific best fit is interpreted. Mixed models are used to describe the structure of the experiment. Both yields and soil organic carbon show a more or less pronounced variance heterogeneity. Especially for yields, the heterogeneity of cycles and years is dominant. The consideration of correlations results in a better model fit in all cases.     

应用光谱反射测定的植物、土壤及混合光谱特性

以野外采集的土壤与活体植物叶片为研究对象,采用美国生产的SVC HR-1024便携式地物光谱仪,测定了纯土壤、纯植物叶片以及不同植物叶片盖度下的土壤光谱反射率,并对混合光谱特性进行了分析研究,建立了植物叶片盖度光谱估算模型。结果表明:(1)随着植物叶片盖度的增加,土壤光谱曲线逐渐呈现"五谷四峰"的特征,但始终不会高于植被光谱曲线;(2)植物叶片盖度与原始高光谱组成的差值、比值和归一化值3种形式的指数存在着良好的相关性,差值指数的显著性最为明显,组合较好的波段为410~710 nm与700~1400 nm,能反映相关系数最大的波段为690 nm和450 nm;(3)通过一元线性回归法、多元线性逐步回归法和偏最小二乘回归法预测植物叶片盖度可知:光谱特征参数与植物叶片盖度之间具有相关性,其中光化学指数与植被衰减指数的相关系数较大,模型拟合度较高,R^2均达到0.8以上;3种光谱特征参数(植被指数、红边参数、光谱吸收特征参数)中,植被指数与植物叶片盖度建立的模型最稳定、精度最高,可以有效地估算植物叶片盖度3种方法中,多元线性逐步回归法最适宜建立植物叶片盖度预测模型。     

卢氏绿壳蛋鸡育成期适宜能量水平的研究

试验旨在通过研究不同能量水平对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡育成期体尺、生长性能及屠宰性能的影响，得出其育成期能量的需要量。选用150 只体重相近的8 周龄卢氏绿壳蛋鸡，按能量水平（A组10.52 MJ/kg、B组10.90 MJ/kg、C组11.29 MJ/kg、D组11.70 MJ/kg、E组12.10 MJ/kg）随机分为5 组（5 个重复，每个重复6 只鸡）。试验采取单因素试验设计，预试期1 周，正试期10 周。结果表明：不同能量水平显著影响卢氏绿壳蛋鸡育成期的胫长、胸宽和胸深(P<0.05)。D和E 组的终末体重和平均日增重差异不显著(P>0.05)，但均显著高于A、B和C组(P<0.05)。能量过高时（E组），终末体重和平均日增重又有所下降。不同能量水平对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡的屠宰性能影响显著(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下，日粮能量水平为11.70 MJ/kg时，更有利于提高卢氏绿壳蛋鸡育成期的生产性能和屠宰性能。     

天津滨海盐土的脱盐碱化及其防治

天津滨海盐土在长期治理过程中由于盐土的脱盐碱化，以及缺少有机肥料和低矿化（高钠）碱性水灌溉等原因，已出现了程度不等的碱化土壤。试验表明，应用有机无机改土剂和增施有机肥、深耕深翻、咸淡水混合灌溉等农艺措施，并与工程措施、生物措施相结合进行综合治理，能收到明显的改良效果。     

Analysis of Measurement Items Composition under Bills Pricing Mode

This paper analyzes contractor's pricing connotation during bidding period with the implementation of National Standard GB50500-2003 and publish of document JB \206,expatiates the contents of measurements during construction period.Considering the problems derived from expenses of measurements during accounts settlement stage,a classified management method according to the characteristics of these measurements is put forward,and one step further,the rational pricing method of measurement items during the bidding period is suggested.     

The quality of service provided by the irrigation department to the users associations, Tunuyan System, Mendoza, Argentina

The quality of service provided by the provincial Irrigation Department (DGI) to the Water Users Associations (UA), and subsequently by the UA's to the related water users, is based on the provincial water law. The intended volume of water being delivered per considered period further depends on the water availability and on the (crop irrigation) water requirements. The Service Level (SL) compares the intended water supply with the water supply that would be required to supply the entire irrigable area with sufficient water. As soon as the intended water delivery pattern is set, the measured actual delivery can be assessed against the intention. Several performance indicators are used in this context. Based on the assessment of the Water Delivery Performance Ratio and the Overall Consumed Ratio recommendations are made on changes which can be made to improve water use and reduce problems of waterlogging.     

车载式土壤光-电特性参数采集系统研究

土壤电导率是衡量土壤传导电流能力的一种固然属性,除了能够反映土壤质地外,还能够反映土壤的含水率、含盐量、有机物含量等特性。利用土壤光谱数据可以分析出土壤含水率、养分等,且测量过程中无需采样、搅动土壤。通过土壤电导率数据和光谱数据的综合、校正,能够提高系统的精度。基于嵌入式技术开发了土壤电导率和光谱反射率综合检测系统。土壤电导率测量系统采用基于改进的电流-电压四端法原理,使用深松犁的尖端作为电极传感器,能够在测量的同时完成松土的作用。光谱测量系统使用微型光谱传感器采集光谱数据,并进行实时处理。在采集土壤电导率、光谱数据的同时,系统同步采集GPS信息,并和土壤电导率、光谱数据一起保存,供进一步绘制土壤特性分布图使用。系统能够实时综合处理多种数据,并进行显示、保存等操作,具有良好的应用 前景。