川西北高寒沙地不同年限高山柳林下优势植物碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征

通过采集川西北高寒沙地不同年限(6、18、24年)高山柳林下3种优势植被藏沙蒿、裂叶独活和镰荚棘豆,分别测定分析3种植被叶片、根部C、N、P化学计量特征变化特征。结果表明:不同年限高山柳林下植被C、N、P含量及其比值间存在显著差异且呈现出不同变化趋势。林下植被C含量整体下降;叶N含量呈上升趋势,根N含量随年限增长而下降;除藏沙蒿外,林下植被P含量变化不显著;C∶N变化范围为1.92~12.86;C∶P为29.18~196.88;不同年限高山柳林下植被N∶P间虽存在差异,但均表现出主要受到P限制,表明该区域植被生长主要受P限制,应注意P养分的适当补充。     

沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料热学性能研究

为探究阻燃剂对沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料导热行为的影响和开发具有阻燃特性的聚合物复合材料，以沙柳多元醇液化产物为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂、水为发泡剂，与异氰酸酯进行发泡制备沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯硬质泡沫，利用正交试验法研究工艺因子对硬质泡沫材料导热性能的影响规律，使用锥形量热仪（CONE）对该材料燃烧行为进行分析。结果表明:1）沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料制备工艺对导热性能的影响关系为阻燃剂添加量＞沙柳液化产物与异氰酸酯比例＞阻燃剂种类，方差分析表明工艺因子对导热性能的影响均不显著；2）最优工艺:阻燃剂添加量8%，沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯比例1.0∶1.0，阻燃剂为有机蒙脱土，制备的硬质泡沫材料密度0.168 g·cm^-3，抗压强度0.83 MPa，导热系数0.118 3 W·m^-1·K^-1，此工艺制备的聚氨酯泡沫是一种优良的保温材料；3）不同有机蒙脱土添加量的沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫燃烧行为属于双阶段燃烧过程，阻燃剂有机蒙脱土添加量8%，燃烧开始时间推迟至120 s且总热释放量降低。     

沙柳木粉液化残渣的结构表征

以多元醇为液化剂(m(聚乙二醇)∶m(丙三醇)=4∶1),浓硫酸为催化剂,对沙柳木粉进行液化试验。将所得的液化产物多次清洗得到不溶液化残渣,应用FTIR、XRD和SEM对液化残渣的化学成分、微观形貌进行表征研究。结果表明:沙柳木粉液化反应分为木粉分解阶段和液化产物缩聚两个阶段;反应30 min后得到的残渣的红外光谱特征峰大致相同。XRD分析表明,残渣中含有大量的Si O2,木粉液化时非结晶区首先被破坏而降解,残渣的结晶度升高;反应后期结晶区发生降解,残渣结晶度略有下降。SEM图像表明,随着反应的进行,残渣由纤维状变为尺寸更小的连在一起的块状堆积物。     

济南市柳树园林应用与发展对策研究

柳树是济南市市树,在济南市园林绿化中具有独特地位。介绍了柳树的生物学特性、生态习性、园林绿化形式等,分析了近年来柳树在济南应用衰落的原因,并为柳树在济南的进一步发展提出了对策。     

柳树辽宁壳多胞菌溃疡病的研究

柳树辽宁壳多胞菌溃疡病系我国新发生的一种柳树溃疡病,〔1〕病原菌经鉴定为一新种,定名为辽宁壳多胞菌StagonosporaliaoningensisZ.K.ZhongetZ.W.Yuan。〔2〕本病于4月下旬发病,5月中下旬分生孢子成熟,6月中下旬为孢子飞散和发病高峰期。病原菌以菌丝体在侵染枝干表皮下越冬,为翌年4月发病的初侵染源。     

Short-term compatibility of furosemide with crystalloid solutions

Parenteral veterinary furosemide is a 50-mg/mL solution with a pH of 8.0-9.3. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a commonly used veterinary formulation of 50 mg/mL of furosemide solution could be diluted in vitro without precipitation. Furosemide 50 mg/mL was diluted to concentrations of 10 and 5 mg/mL with 5% dextrose in water (D5W), 0.9% saline, lactated Ringer solution (LRS), and sterile water. Acidic sterile water and basic sterile water solutions were made by the addition of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, respectively, for use as controls to assess the effect of pH extremes for each concentration. After furosemide dilution, the final pH of each sample was measured, and samples were grossly and microscopically examined for clarity and crystal formation immediately and 1, 3, 5, and 8 hours after dilution. Gross precipitation and microscopic crystals were immediately observed in the acidic controls. Solutions of 5 mg/mL in LRS and 0.9% saline became slightly cloudy immediately, but no crystals were observed microscopically for 8 hours. Solutions of 10 mg/mL in D5W, 0.9% saline, LRS, and sterile water and solutions of 5 mg/mL in D5W and sterile water and the basic control were grossly clear, and no microscopic crystals were observed for 8 hours. On the basis of the results obtained in this in vitro investigation, this veterinary formulation of furosemide 50 mg/mL can be diluted without precipitation to a concentration of 10 mg/mL with D5W, 0.9% saline, LRS, or sterile water and to 5 mg/mL with D5W or sterile water and held for 8 hours.     

干旱胁迫对5个种源沙柳(Salix psammophila)气体交换及水分利用效率的影响

在盆栽条件下,对5个种源沙柳进行了水分胁迫处理,在不同干旱阶段对苗木叶水势、土壤含水率、蒸腾速率、光合速率等气体交换特性及水分利用效率进行了研究.结果表明:沙柳属于亚低水势忍耐脱水耐旱树种,叶水势随土壤含水量的下降而下降,变化趋势可用双曲线方程y=a b/x(0.389 0＜a＜0.520 3,8.906 6＜b＜11.466 9)拟合,其中民勤种源沙柳的双曲线方程中b值最低,为8.91,表现出较强的耐旱特性.在正常水分供应条件下,榆林种源沙柳的光合速率为23.89 μmol/(m2·s),水分利用效率为3.44 μmol/mmol,表现出很强的光合生产能力.随着干旱胁迫的加剧,各种源沙柳苗木的水分利用效率均有不同程度增加,民勤种源沙柳的增加值最大,为0.75 μmol/mmol,表现出了较强的抵抗干旱的能力,而榆林种源沙柳对水分亏缺则非常敏感,光合速率、蒸腾速率都急剧下降.这充分表明在水分供应充足的条件下,榆林种源沙柳具有最大的光合生产潜力;而当遇到干旱胁迫时,民勤种源沙柳则表现出极强的维持体内水分平衡的能力,是5个种源中最耐旱的种源.     

A method for mapping the distribution of willow at a catchment scale using bi-seasonal SPOT5 imagery

This study showed that seasonal imagery acquired at specific stages of phenology can be used to improve the mapping accuracy of invasive willow at a catchment scale. SPOT5 XI (10 m) satellite imagery was acquired for early autumn and winter to represent the phenological stages of leaf cover and leaf fall respectively. Four classification regimes were evaluated using single‐ and bi‐seasonal composite imagery to determine the most accurate method. Significant spectral noise was found in willow populations, especially in the winter image, due to the effects of undergrowth exposure, shadowing, topography and boundary‐mixed pixels. Two noise reduction techniques were applied to the bi‐seasonal composite image to improve the classification results. The noise‐reduced bi‐seasonal composite image was classified using the spectral angle mapper (SAM) algorithm before importation into a geographical information system. Aerial photography was used to reduce the errors of commission associated with misclassification of pastures. The class accuracy achieved for willow using the method described in this study was 77.5% (Kappa =0.87). The high cost of eradicating willow means that managers must establish priorities for control; this technique can provide a powerful tool for prioritizing control programmes and for monitoring results at a catchment scale.     

杞柳优良品种引种试验与生长规律研究

[目的]研究杞柳优良品种引种试验与生长规律。[方法]选择和引进4个优良品种：JW9-6与JW8-26是江苏省林业科学研究所从簸萁柳与杞柳正反杂交种中选出的优良无性系；绒柳和大红头是山东郯城县经多年栽培选育的优良品种。采用完全随机区组设计和裂区试验设计进行多点不同品种、不同密度的造林对比试验，对4个品种的扦插成活率、物侯期、抗性、地径生长规律、株高生长规律进行研究。[结果]引种试验研究表明：JW8-26、JW9-6、绒柳和大红头4个无性系品种在引种试验区能够露天越冬过夏，与原产地相比经济价值没有降低。所以此次引种试验是成功的。地径生长规律研究表明：4个品种的平均地径生长量的高速增长期在每年的3月10—5月10目，5月25日达到峰值，之后地径生长下降；地径平均增长速度的大小顺序依次是：JW9-6（26．82％）〉绒柳（22．85％）〉JW8-26（19．33％）〉大红头（17．25％）。株高生长规律研究表明：4个品种的株高生长量从3月10～5月10日是快速生长期，2个月净增高136．2cm，第2个峰值在5月25日左右，平均净增高47．0cm，之后下降；株高平均生长速度的大小顺序依次是：JW9-6（46．99％）〉大红头（44．24％）〉绒柳（43．87％）〉JW8-26（41．96％），但没有明显差异。[结论]为4个新品种在驻马店市低洼易涝地带和滩涂地带大面积栽培推广提供技术参考依据。     

不同沙丘部位沙柳叶片含水量及与土壤水分关系的初步研究

对不同坡位沙柳叶片含水量以及沙柳当年生苗、未平茬苗和实生苗3种沙柳苗的叶片含水量进行测定,同时对土壤含水量与沙柳叶片含水量之间的相关关系进行分析。其结果表明:不同坡位叶片含水量表现为迎风坡>丘间低地>背风坡,其中迎风坡坡底叶片含水量最高为61.98%,而背风坡中部和坡底部叶片含水量的差异不显著;3种沙柳苗的叶片含水量从大到小的顺序为:当年生苗>未平茬苗>实生苗,与不同类型的沙柳苗的叶面积大小相一致;总体来看,在"柳湾林"内沙柳叶片含水量与表层土水分存在着一定的相关性。