Factors Associated with Grassland Bird Species Richness: The Relative Roles of Grassland Area, Landscape Structure, and Prey

The factors responsible for widespread declines of grassland birds in the United States are not well understood. This study, conducted in the short-grass prairie of eastern Wyoming, was designed to investigate the relationship between variation in habitat amount, landscape heterogeneity, prey resources, and spatial variation in grassland bird species richness. We estimated bird richness over a 5-year period (1994–1998) from 29 Breeding Bird Survey locations. Estimated bird richness was modeled as a function of landscape structure surrounding survey routes using satellite-based imagery (1996) and grasshopper density and richness, a potentially important prey of grassland birds. Model specification progressed from simple to complex explanations for spatial variation in bird richness. An information-theoretic approach was used to rank and select candidate models. Our best model included measurements of habitat amount, habitat arrangement, landscape matrix, and prey diversity. Grassland bird richness was positively associated with grassland habitat; was negatively associated with habitat dispersion; positively associated with edge habitats; negatively associated with landscape matrix attributes that may restrict movement of grassland bird; and positively related to grasshopper richness. Collectively, 62% of the spatial variation in grassland bird richness was accounted for by the model (adj-R² = 0.514). These results suggest that the distribution of grassland bird species is influenced by a complex mixture of factors that include habitat area affects, landscape pattern and composition, and the availability of prey.     

铁卜加地区优势种蝗虫发生量与气象因子关系初报

通过对铁卜加地区气象因子与蝗虫发生量的回归分析表明 ,该地区蝗虫发生量与 4～ 5月份的地温极为相关 ,其相关系数Y地温 =0 .95 1     

蝗虫微孢子虫病在蝗虫和群间的流行规律研究

在同德县北巴滩进行了不同浓度蝗虫微孢子虫（N.L)小区试验和大面积推广试验，并在1997和1999年对防治效果作了调查，结果表明N.L不仅当年虫口减退率和感病率可达60％和50％以上（30天），而且在1997年、1999年防区内平均感病率仍保持在30％和40％。说明N.L具有较强的水平扩散能力和垂直感染能力，可持续、有效地控制蝗灾的发生。     

草原蝗虫密度的抽样技术研究

在蝗虫密度为０．０５～８．５０头／ｍ２的不同类型草地，以投环方式统计不同大小（０．０２、０．０５、０．１０、０．２０、０．３５ｍ２）的铁环击中或套入蝗虫数，计算调查地蝗虫平均数，以笼罩法作为“真值”对照，对不同大小铁环调查数进行统计检验。结果表明，在调查密度范围内，以０．０５、０．１０、０．２０ｍ２铁环的调查数较接近“真值”，其精确性随蝗虫密度的高低略有变动。根据草地蝗虫为Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ分布的特点，采用Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ置信域和二项式抽样法，建立以０．１０ｍ２环中蝗虫的出现率估测平均密度和反估计的二项式抽样模型，并进行统计检验。最后，以Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ置信值为概率保证，提出了理论抽样数计算模型。     

蝗虫微孢子与昆虫生长调节剂协同控制草原蝗虫作用机制

蝗虫微孢子（Paranosema locustae, PL）是重要的防蝗生物制剂,其与昆虫生长调节剂（insect growth regulator, IGR）协同使用有利于蝗虫可持续治理。本文通过田间超低喷雾和扫网调查等方法在青海蝗区开展协调应用PL和IGR防治草原蝗虫的作用及其机理研究。首先明确青海蝗区的主要蝗虫种类为宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettix palpalis、小翅雏蝗Chorthippus fallax、狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius、毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus harbipes、鼓翅皱膝蝗Angaracris barabensis等;结果证明PL与IGR协调应用,可有效抑制草原蝗虫种群增长,且可保持存活蝗虫感病率在较高水平,对优势种宽须蚁蝗和小翅雏蝗等的持续控制作用明显。结果明确了微生物制剂和IGR协同防治蝗虫的短期与长期、速效与长效的协同作用,为防治高密度蝗虫提供新的绿色防控策略。     

典型草原三种蝗虫种群死亡率和竞争的研究

通过田间罩笼试验研究内蒙古典型草原3种蝗虫成虫种群死亡率和竞争。供试蝗虫分别为:亚洲小车蝗(Oedaleus asiaticus B.Bienko),宽须蚁蝗(Myrmeleotettix palpapis(Zub.))和短星翅蝗(Calliptamus abbreviatus Ikonn.)。结果表明:亚洲小车蝗和宽须蚁蝗食性相似,喜食禾本科牧草,而短星翅蝗则喜食菊科牧草,为了获取更多食物,短星翅蝗种内竞争强于亚洲小车蝗和宽须蚁蝗;30 d后在3种密度(24、16、8头/m²)下,亚洲小车蝗存活数均高于另两种,其竞争也强于另两种;3种蝗虫24头/m²死亡率均高于80%,其中短星翅蝗达86%,说明在高密度下有很强的种内竞争,随着密度的减少死亡率降低,种内竞争也随之减少;3种蝗虫混养时,亚洲小车蝗和宽须蚁蝗的死亡率比在单种时有所降低,而短星翅蝗死亡率比单种时则有所增加,表明亚洲小车蝗和宽须蚁蝗有较强的种间竞争,短星翅蝗的竞争较弱。     

蝗虫痘病毒对黄胫小车蝗生长发育和产卵力的影响

试验观察结果表明,蝗虫痘病毒除对黄胫小车蝗有显著致死作用外,使感病寄主在接种13～33d后,食量比对照减少28.73%～70.40 %导致生长发育缓慢,接种后13～18d,对照组生长率为36.3mg/d,而处理组则分别为14.9、14.5和9.6mg/d,仅为对照的1/4～1/2。寄主羽化极不整齐,对照组整个历期只有5d,而处理组则为16～46d,随着接种剂量的加大,这种“拖延”趋势越发明显。寄主产卵量明显降低,甚至根本不能产卵。处理组寄主“畸形”和“自相残杀”的情况也较对照组严重。     

应用蝗虫微孢子虫饵剂混配卡死克毒饵的治蝗效果试验

在内蒙古用微孢子虫饵剂混配卡死克毒饵制成复合型毒饵防治草原蝗虫试验，结果表明以微孢子虫饵剂与卡死克毒饵1∶1及1∶3（W／W）混配使用的两个处理区，毒饵撒施后12天，亚洲小车蝗虫口减退率分别达89．3％和91．4％，调查施饵后35天的防效仍可达80．2％和84．1％。蝗虫混合种群在防后25天对微孢子虫病感染率调查结果，1∶1与1∶3处理区的混合种群感染率分别为10％和11％。     

如何做好黄牛后备母牛发情配种工作

<正>1 凉山黄牛母牛的性成熟与配种年龄凉山黄牛大多数性成熟较晚,一般在10～14月龄才达到初情(性成熟)期,性成熟后母牛虽能配种受孕,但母牛生长发育尚未完成,故不宜配种, 以免影响母牛本身和胎儿生长发育。因此,适当配种年龄应为14～17月龄以上,发情3～4次以后,体重达到150～200kg以上,即达到成年母牛体重的     

Studies on glutathione transferase from grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus)

Glutathione transferase (GST) was purified from the hindgut of grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) a polyphagous insect. The purified enzyme had a native molecular weight of 40 kDa and a subunit molecular weight of 19 kDa. The purified enzyme could conjugate glutathione (GSH) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), paranitrobenzylchloride, paranitrophenylacetate, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBDCl), and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) with specific activities of 3.3 ± 0.3, 0.49 ± 0.10, 0.10 ± 0.002, 1.2 ± 0.2, and 1.7 ± 0.4 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. CDNB appears to be the best substrate with a specificity constant, k_cat/K_m, of 1.8 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁴ M⁻¹ S⁻¹. The kinetic mechanism of Z. variegatus GST (zvGST) in the conjugation of GSH with some electrophilic substrates appears complex. Conjugation of GSH with DCNB was inhibited by high DCNB concentration, while with NBDCl, as the electrophilic substrates, different values of K_m were obtained at high and low concentrations of the substrates. Cibacron blue, hematin, S-hexylglutathione, and oxidized glutathione inhibited the enzyme with I₅₀ values of 0.057 ± 0.004, 0.80 ± 0.2, 33 ± 2 μM, and 5.2 ± 0.3 mM, respectively. The nature of inhibition by each of these inhibitors is either competitive or non-competitive at varying GSH or CDNB as substrates. NADH and NAD⁺ inhibited the enzyme with an I₅₀ value of 0.4 ± 0.01 and 11 ± 1 mM, respectively. NADH at a concentration of 0.54 mM completely abolished the activity. As part of its adaptation, the flexible kinetic pathway of detoxication by zvGST may assist the organism in coping with various xenobiotics encountered in its preferred food plants.