结缕草交播不同量高羊茅试验研究

在已成坪的结缕草草坪上,按１０ｇ／ｍ２、２０ｇ／ｍ２、３０ｇ／ｍ２和４０ｇ／ｍ２播量在秋季交播高羊茅,连续３年按月测定群落中高羊茅和结缕草的密度、盖度和频度,进而探讨较为适宜的交播量和各种交播量的交播效果。４种交播量中以１０ｇ／ｍ２为最佳;增加交播高羊茅播量会显著增加高羊茅的密度（Ｐ＜０．０５）及程度不同的增加其盖度和频度（Ｐ＞０．０５）,但却明显地降低了结缕草的密度、盖度和频度（Ｐ＜０．０５）,使高羊茅的种群竞争能力加强而结缕草的竞争能力减弱,使草坪群落趋向于向高羊茅不同个体组成的单一草坪群落方向演替。     

河西地区碱茅属植物草地水盐动态的研究

本文研究了河西地区２年生、３年生、４年生碱茅属植物人工草地及撩荒地的水盐动态。试验结果表明：１）土壤水分含量从表层到底层（０～１００ｃｍ）呈梯度形分布。上述四类草地分别分布在２１．６％～４４．２％、２５．９％～４４．０％、３５．０～４６．２％、３５．５％～４６．４％之间，在定期灌溉条件下，各草地２０ｃｍ以下土壤水分含量在相同层之间差异不显著。２）土壤表层（０～１０ｃｍ）盐分含量较高，１０ｃｍ以下盐分含量急剧下降。表层盐分含量以撩荒地最高，４年生、２年生及３年生碱茅草地分别次之，平均值依次为２．４６％、１．２１％、０．２３％、０．１８％。２０ｃｍ以下各层土壤盐分含量各草地均很小，不同草地的同一层及同一草地的不同层之间差异不显著。各草地在５月与９月有两个返盐期，其它各月（６月、７月、８月）盐分变化较平稳。３）土壤盐分含量与地下植物量无显著相关性，地上植物量的增大，使得草地以蒸腾为主的土壤水分散失量也大幅度增大，这揭示了碱茅草地治盐作用的内在机理。     

河西走廊几种盐化草地第一性生产力的研究：Ⅱ地下生物量的分布特点

定位调查河西走廊三种盐化草地地下生物量随时空分布的规律表明：在垂直部面中，海韭菜、小灯心草和芦苇＋赖草草地根系均呈“Ｔ”型。海韭菜草地的根量在３０－４０ｃｍ处有一增大，与芦伟在该层产生水平根茎有关；小灯心草草地地表根系极丰富，０－１０ｃｍ与１０－２０ｃｍ层的根量比达５．０；而芦苇苇＋赖草草地的构成种简单，地下生物量较前两个草地为少；２）三种草地地下生物量随土壤深度的关系均可用非线性函数描述，其最佳     

天峻县草地土蝗种群结构调查与虫情预测

天峻县草地土蝗种群结构调查与虫情预测侯秀敏，刘晓建，拉毛（青海省草原总站８１０００８）１调查区自然概况１９９４年８月２日至１２日我们在天峻县块尔玛乡及毗邻地区进行蝗虫种群结构调查，该地区海拔３２５０ｍ左右，年均气温为一１．２℃，最热月（７月）１０．２...     

果洛地区“黑土滩”中秃斑地测定

“黑土滩”中的秃斑地和原草地相比，毒草量增加６４．８％，优良牧草明显减少；地下根量（０—１０ｃｍ）减少２３７６．６ｇ／ｍ￣２；土壤趋于碱性、旱化，肥力下降，蓄水能力下降。以上差异均达到显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

河西内陆盐渍区碱茅属植物建植及草地对生长条件的反应

在河西走廊地区建植碱茅（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｅｌｌｉａｔｅｎｕｉｆｌｏｒａ－Ｐ．ｃｈｉｎｕｍｐｏｅｎｓｉｓ）人工草地，做收种和刈割兼用。撒播方式下，播量达２２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时，种子落种数为２０００／ｍ２，田间出苗数７９４／ｍ２，出苗率为１３％，定苗数受地表积盐程度的影响（Ｐ＜０．０１），地表盐斑为５０％，９０％的幼苗数为９８８株／ｍ２和３０１株／ｍ２；碱茅草地盖度，种子产量和牧草产量均与土壤全盐含量呈负线性关系（ｒ－－０．８０５１，ｒ＝－０．８１５８，ｒ＝－０．９２９２），但种子发芽率和千粒重似乎不受立地土壤盐分的影响。由于受田间管理措施和碱茅自身发育节律的影响，生长第３年的草地盖度、种子产量和牧草产量均比第２年有不同幅度的下降，据此，适时灌水，加强施肥等田间管理措施对维持草地基况良好，获得高产有重要作用。     

门源草原毛虫幼虫和茧的抽样技术研究

根据Ｉｗａｏ的抽样数模型，确定出门源草原毛虫（Ｇｙｎａｅｐｈｏｒａｍｅｎｙｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）的最适抽样数。当防治指标标为３０头／ｍ￣２时，序贯抽样的累积幼虫量界限公式为：Ｔ＿０（Ｎ）＝３０ｎ±２９．７１当ｔ＝１．６４，或Ｔ＿０（Ｎ）＝３０ｎ±３５．５１，当ｔ＝１．９６。在高寒草甸中，棋盘式抽样方法是随机取样幼虫和茧的最佳方式。     

高效液相色谱法检测泰乐菌素在肉鸡组织中的残留

将肉鸡的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和脂肪组织制成匀浆,用乙腈、石油醚和二氯甲烷萃取、净化后,用乙腈定容。以乙腈－ 甲醇－ ０．００５ ｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ磷酸二氢铵溶液（６０∶３０∶１０）为流动相,用高效液相色谱检测。本法对溶解于乙腈中的泰乐菌素的最低检测限为 ０．０５ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ,在肉鸡各种组织中的最低检测限为 ０．１０ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ。标准曲线的线性范围为 ０．１０～６．４０ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ。泰乐菌素质量浓度为 ０．１０、０．８０、６．４０ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 时的批间变异系数分别为（２．３±０．２）％ 、（１．９±１．３）％ 、（２．６±０．９）％ 。０．２０、０．４０、０．８０ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 的泰乐菌素在以上 ４ 种组织的回收率均符合残留检测的要求。结果表明,本法是一种灵敏、精密、可靠的检测肉鸡组织中泰乐菌素残留的分析方法。     

高寒草甸草地在全封育下的植物量变化

用钢丝网封育高寒草甸类的高山嵩草－异针茅草地０．３６ｈｍ￣２，封育时间１９９０—１９９３年。对封育草地内地上及地下植物量测定结果：封育第一年优良牧草鲜草量增加明显，由原来的１７４．０ｇ／ｍ￣２增加到３２５．０ｇ／ｍ￣２（Ｐ＜０．０１），第２、３年产量变化不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）；封育的第１、２年，优良牧草成份呈上升趋势，杂毒草成份呈下降趋势，封育的第３年优良牧草成份开始下降，杂毒草开始上升；地下植物总量（４０ｃｍ内），在封育的第１年下降明显，由原来的６４６９．５６ｇ／ｍ￣２下降到４７２１．６８ｇ／ｍ￣２（Ｐ＜０．０１），封育的第２、３年根量开始明显回升，至第３年上升为７３１０．０ｇ／ｍ￣２（Ｐ＜０．０１）。测定结果表明，高寒草甸草地封育时间以２年为佳。建议利用现有围栏，针对冬春草地采取冬季刮用枯草，早春禁牧（４—７月）的措施，封育退化草地两年，即可达到封育效果。     

黄牛血清流变学7项主要指标的测定

应用锥板式粘度计和红细胞电泳仪对３１头健康黄牛血液流变学７项指标进行测定。结果：全血粘度０．２ｃｍ＝ｓ·３．０９±３．３９ｍＰａ·ｓ，０．５ｃｍ／ｓ时３．６６±３．２９ｍＰａ·ｓ，２ｃｍ／ｓ时４．８８±３．３５ｍＰａ·ｓ，５ｃｍ／ｓ时５．３８±３．１７ｍＰａ·ｓ，２０ｃｍ／ｓ时５．５１±２．１２ｍＰａ·ｓ，５０ｃｍ／ｓ时４．８４±２．３０ｍＰａ，１００ｃｍ／ｓ时３．４２±０．９７ｍＰａ·ｓ；全血比     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。