森林可燃物的燃烧性与化学组成

从五种针叶树叶(白皮云杉、红松、兴安落叶松、黑皮油松、樟子松)以及六种阔叶树叶(柳树、白桦、杨树、黄波罗、水曲柳、蒙古栎)的春季和秋季样品的水分、灰分(水溶性和水不溶性)、醚抽提物、含氮量、含磷量的分析得出:兴安落叶松和柳树的可燃性最小。这一结果与热重分析所得结果相符合。     

40种木本植物水分蒸发所需热能估算与燃烧性分类

在Ｒｏｔｈｅｒｍｅｌ Ｒ．Ｃ．提出的预引燃所需能量方程的基础上,经进一步分析认为,该方程中的水分蒸发所需热能应表示为：Ｑｍ＝Ｍｆ．（３７６．８１２＋５０９．５５９５ｋｉ）．在对４０种木本植物用该方程计算的水分蒸发所需热能的基础上,认为难燃的乔木树各有山桐子、化香、红豆杉、山楂、栾树、榛子和毛白杨,灌木种有胡颓子海棠,其所需热能值〉７６００ｋＪ／ｋｇ。     

The burning characteristics of southeastern oaks: Discriminating fire facilitators from fire impeders

In southeastern pine–oak ecosystems, ecological restoration targets oaks for removal by chemical, mechanical, burning, or combinations of treatments. Managers often pursue oak removal indiscriminately despite the poorly understood historical structure, cover, and ecological function within these ecosystems. Restoration treatments often cite the impediment that oak litter represents to prescribed fire spread and effectiveness. We evaluated the burning characteristics of eight southeastern Quercus spp. by burning collected litter under controlled conditions in a combustion chamber. Replicated burns consisted of 15 g of litter on a 35 cm × 35 cm grid of xylene-soaked cotton strings. Burning characteristics measured included maximum flame height (cm), flaming duration (s), smoldering duration (s), residual ash, and mass loss rate (g s⁻¹). We compared all 8 oaks using ANCOVA, with litterbed depth as a covariate. The oaks differed for all burning characteristics measured (P < 0.001). Rank comparisons placed Quercus stellata and Quercus laevis as the species with greatest fire intensity, sustainability, and consumability, equivalent in many measures to longleaf pine and other fire resisters. Quercus virginiana and Quercus hemisphaerica burned with the least intensity, sustainability, and consumability, burning similarly to sand pine and other fire evaders. These results show that oaks common to southeastern United States ecosystems have litter properties, similar to pines, which vary in their ability to sustain fire. Understanding the pyric properties of oak species also suggests that managers prioritize removal of species that hinder prescribed fire effectiveness for restoration of southeastern USA pine–oak ecosystems.     

40种木本植物水分逸出强度与燃烧性分析

经对水分逸出强度与含水率，绝干比重相关分析认为，水分逸出强度为木本植物生评价的独立因子和重要因子。应用水分逸出强度和含水率两个因子，对４０种木本植物的燃烧性分析后认为；化香，山桐子为难燃性乔木胡颓子，火棘为难燃性灌木。     

Litter flammability in oak woodlands and shrublands of southeastern France

Characterizing the flammability of litter fuels is of major importance for assessing wildland fire ignition hazard. Here we compared the flammability of litter within a mosaic of Quercus suber (cork oak) woodlands and shrublands in a Mediterranean fire-prone area (Maures massif, southeastern France) to test whether the characteristics and the flammability of litter vary with the vegetation types. We tested experimentally the ignitability, the sustainability, the combustibility and the consumability of undisturbed (=non-reconstructed) litter samples with a point-source mode of ignition. Although the frequency of ignition was similar between all the vegetation types, we distinguished four groups having litter of specific composition and flammability: low and sparse shrublands dominated by Cistus species, medium shrublands with cork oak, high Erica shrublands with sparse cork oak woodlands, and mixed mature oak woodlands with Q. suber, Q. ilex and Q. pubescens. As these vegetation types corresponded to a specific range of past fire recurrence, we also tested the effect of the number of fires and the time since the last fire on litter flammability. Litters of plots recurrently burned had low ability to propagate flames and low flame sustainability. We discuss how the recent fire history can modify vegetation and litter flammability, and thus the fire ignition hazard.     

南昌郊区园林树种抗火性研究

[目的]为抗火性园林绿化树种的选择提供参考。[方法]在南昌西郊和北郊采集12个园林树种的不同器官（叶、枝、皮）,对其进行理化性状分析、实验室燃烧试验和抗火性试验,选择各树种的含水率、燃点、热值、粗灰分、粗脂肪、木质素、粗纤维、燃烧时间、火烧强度、树皮厚度、热辐射作用下树皮的质量剩余率和内表面升温速率及其生物生态学特性等17评价因子,应用灰色关联分析法对12种园林树种的抗火性进行综合评价。[结果]所采集的12种园林树种中抗火性强的树种有5个,由强至弱依次为乐昌含笑、大叶黄杨、珊瑚树、海桐、白玉兰;抗火性较强的有4个,由强至弱依次为女贞、含笑、夹竹桃、山茶;抗火性弱的有3个,由强至弱依次为巴东木连、桂花和红花檵木。[结论]在园林绿化树种选择中,除了要考虑树种的形态特征以外,树种的抗火性能是重要的选择依据。     

华山松林燃烧性的数量分类

选具有代表性的１０块华山松林标准地,采用数量化分类方法,取空中易燃可燃物最大密度,地表总易燃可燃物载量及地表易燃可燃物贮水量三个指标,对秦岭火地塘林区华山松林进行燃烧性分类。结果表明,该林区凡含有华山松的林分,其燃烧性最多可划分为９种类型,所选的１０个林公类型归属其中的５类;相异性分析方法对森林燃烧性划分具有极好的分类效果。     

草地可燃物含水率变化规律的研究

研究草地可燃物含水率与环境因素的关系,以及草地燃烧系统各组分含水率的年变化动态。结果表明草地死体可燃物的含水率变化与天空总幅射、大气温度的变化呈负相关,与大气湿度的变化呈正相关;与地表温度相关不显著。活体可燃物含水率一般不低于30％;草原死体可燃物一年中的每天都有着火的含水率条件(除有降水外),活体可燃物一般不燃,草原燃烧系统夏季难燃,冬季有积雪覆盖不燃,最易燃着的季节是每年的4～6月和10～11月。     

秦岭松科常绿种叶燃烧性排序

研究测定了秦岭8种松科乔木种叶含水率、可燃性气体逸出率、燃点、热值、灰分含量和抽出物含量等7个燃烧性相关因子，并采用层次分析法分析认为，8种松科乔木的燃烧性由强到弱的排序依次为：油松、马尾松、白皮松、华山松、青杆、冷杉、铁杉及云杉。