引进扁桃的品质特性观察

从美国引进的3个扁桃品种,用山桃作砧木,在陕西渭北地区生长旺盛,苗木栽植第3年开始开花结果,5年生平均株产1.78～2.03kg。扁桃3月中下旬开花,果实前期发育较快,至5月中旬果径生长量占总量的80%～90%,后期增长缓慢。Nonpareil品种7月25日～8月5日成熟,Mission品种9月11日～9月15日成熟。成熟种仁饱满,外观品质较好。种仁含粗脂肪49.62%～52.49%,含粗蛋白20.9%～29.0%,含VB11.8～1.91mg/kg,VB24.08～4.62mg/kg。氨基酸及钙、镁等元素含量也较丰富,与我国新疆扁桃主产区产品营养含量相近似。     

Influence of self-pollination in fruit quality of autogamous almonds

Due to the several advantages expected from growing self-compatible almond cultivars, breeding programmes have recently introduced self-compatibility as an important trait. However, doubts have arisen regarding the capability of the newly obtained self-compatible almonds to produce good yields in monovarietal plantations, and the commercial quality of the fruits from self-pollination. For this reason, in the last years several studies have been conducted to evaluate fruit set and fruit traits following self- and cross-pollination of self-compatible almonds. Their results showed inconsistencies for fruit set and for some of the fruit traits studied. Thus, while some studies showed no differences between both pollination types for any of the fruit traits, others clearly showed important differences with the detriment of self-pollination for commercially important fruit traits. The fact that some of these studies evaluated a low number of individuals and/or fruit traits, implies the need of a more complete study. In this work, 10 fruit traits were studied in 26 self-compatible almonds following self-pollination by bagging and open pollination treatments. In general, and despite a few individuals showed differences between both pollination types for two of the traits, the results showed no influence of self-pollination in fruit quality.     

Molecular characterization and genetic relationship among almond cultivars assessed by RAPD and SSR markers

RAPDs and SSRs were used to study the genetic diversity of Iranian almond cultivars and their relationship to important foreign cultivars and three related species. Eight unidentified almond Shahrodi cultivars and three wild almonds (Prunus communis, Prunus orientalis and Prunus scoparia) were also included. Of the primers tested, 42 (out of 80) RAPD and 18 (out of 26) SSR primers were selected for their reproducibility and high polymorphism. A total of 664 polymorphic RAPD bands were detected out of 729 bands. The number of presumed alleles revealed by the SSR analysis ranged from 3 to 10 alleles per locus with a mean value of 6.64 alleles per locus. Both techniques discriminated the genotypes very effectively, but only RAPDs were able to discriminate the cultivars Monagha and Sefied. Results demonstrated an extensive genetic variability within the tested cultivars as well as the value of SSR markers developed in peach for characterization of almond and related species of Prunus. Dice similarity coefficient was calculated for all pair wise comparisons and was used to construct a UPGMA dendrogram. For both markers a high similarity in dendrogram topologies was obtained although some differences were observed. All dendrograms, including that obtained by the combined use of both the marker data, depicted the phenetic relationships among the cultivars and species, depending upon their geographic region and/or pedigree information. Almond cultivars clustered with accession of P. communis showing their close relationship. P. orientalis and P. scoparia were clustered out of the rest of P. dulcis.     

水分胁迫对扁桃砧木干物质和叶绿素含量的影响

以新疆常用的扁桃砧木石头扁桃和毛桃的1年生实生苗为材料,设置土壤相对含水量分别为田间最大持水量的100%、80%、60%、40%和20%5个处理,研究了不同水分胁迫条件对其干物质和叶绿素含量的影响。水分胁迫处理第10、20、30天后取样,测定其叶绿素含量;在水分胁迫处理第30天取样测定其干物质含量。结果表明:2个供试品种对水分胁迫的反应一致。在土壤相对含水量为80%时,总干物质含量和叶质量比最高,土壤相对含水量较多或较少都会减少干物质的积累,石头扁桃总干物质含量和叶质量比的下降幅度大于毛桃。根质量比和根冠比在土壤相对含水量为80%时最低,随着水分胁迫程度的加剧,根质量比和根冠比升高,石头扁桃的升高幅度大于毛桃。在土壤相对含水量为80%时叶绿素a和叶绿素(a b)的含量最高,随着胁迫程度的加剧和时间的延长,叶绿素a和叶绿素(a b)的含量降低,石头扁桃的降低幅度大于毛桃。     

Inheritance and relationships of important agronomic traits in almond

The inheritance of 16 important agronomic traits and its relationship were studied for four years in a population of 167 almond [P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] seedlings obtained from a cross between the French selection ‘R1000’ (‘Tardy Nonpareil’ × ‘Tuono’) and the Spanish cultivar ‘Desmayo Largueta’. For some traits (blooming and leafing date) descendants segregated between the value of both progenitors, meanwhile for others the mean of the offspring was lower (bloom density, productivity and ripening date) or higher (in-shell/kernel ratio and double kernels). As expected, kernel bitterness and self-incompatibility behaved as monogenic traits. Some important correlations between traits were detected. The implications of the transmission and the correlation of these traits in the breeding programmes are discussed.     

扁桃花芽形态分化的时间及细胞学特征观察

1999年5月至2000年4月对喀什地区4个扁桃主栽品种花芽分化过程进行观察研究，结果表明：6月初开始进入花芽形态分化期，扁桃花芽形态分化可分为花芽分化初期、花萼分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期5个时期。各品种完成形态分化所需时间为110～125d，品种间和品种内的不同花芽进入形态分化的时间有较大差异，但分化晚的花芽分化速度较快。果实成熟前，花芽分化进程较慢，处于花芽分化初期，果实成熟后，分化进程加快。     

杏仁油的提取研究

利用杏仁提取杏仁油,并对影响杏仁油提取率的因素,如提取溶剂的选择、提取温度、提取时间及提取料液比等条件进行研究,初步确定获得最大提取收率的条件。即:以二氯甲烷(90 ml)作为提取剂,提取温度65℃,提取时间为3 h,提取料液比为1∶7,并对提制的杏仁粗油进行精制,得到具有透明、杏仁味道的杏仁油。     

渭北扁桃果实生长曲线和品质测定

观察测定了渭北地区引进的3个扁桃品种果实生长动态。结果表明,品种间果实发育所需天数虽然不相同,但果径增长都表现单“S”型生长曲线。依据生长速度,可将果实生长过程划分为3个时期,生长速率第2期>第1期>第3期,累积生长量第1期>第2期>第3期,总体表现为前期果实增长迅速,后期缓慢。3个品种的种子大小基本保持了品种的原有特性,种仁营养含量高。     

盐胁迫对扁桃砧木叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性的影响

以温室盆栽的3种扁桃砧木为材料,研究了不同浓度的NaCl、Na2SO4和不同胁迫时间对其叶片活性氧代谢变化的影响.结果表明:NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫下,石头扁桃,桃扁桃和毛桃叶片中POD、CAT活性均随盐浓度的增加而升高,而随着盐胁迫时间的延长其活性有所下降,但都高于对照.SOD活性均随盐浓度的增加先升高后下降,而且后期下降幅度很大.与NaCl胁迫相比,Na2SO4胁迫下这3种砧木叶片中POD、CAT和SOD活性低.从2种盐胁迫下POD、CAT和SOD活性变化规律初步判断这3种砧木的抗盐能力强弱为桃扁桃＞毛桃＞石头扁桃.     

热碱法提取杏仁粕分离蛋白的工艺研究

[目的]探索热碱法提取杏仁粕分离蛋白的最佳工艺。[方法]采用河北张家口地区甜杏仁榨油后的杏仁粕为原料,用3倍体积正己烷对杏仁粕进行脱脂预处理,采用热碱法提取杏仁粕分离蛋白,再通过L9(34)正交试验确定热碱法提取杏仁粕分离蛋白的最佳提取条件。[结果]试验得到杏仁粕分离蛋白提取的最佳条件为pH 9.0、浸提时间60 min、料液比1:30 g/ml、浸提温度40℃。在最佳提取工艺条件下杏仁粕分离蛋白的提取率可达75.9%。[结论]热碱法提取杏仁粕分离蛋白具有提取率高、成本低的特点,而且节省能源,不会对环境造成污染,适用于工业化生产。