水分胁迫对沙地樟子松和紫穗槐生理特性的影响

采用盆栽控水试验,对沙地樟子松、紫穗槐苗木在不同水分条件下叶水势、叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)和相对电导率等生理指标进行测定。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加剧,樟子松和紫穗槐水势均呈递减的趋势。樟子松在轻度水分胁迫(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的65%)时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量有所升高,而后又逐渐下降;严重水分胁迫(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的35%)时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量分别为0.50、0.16、0.66 mg·g-1。紫穗槐叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量随着水分胁迫的加剧逐渐减低,严重水分胁迫时,紫穗槐叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量最低,分别比正常水分(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的80%)时下降了1.61、0.35、1.96 mg·g-1;樟子松和紫穗槐脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率随着干旱胁迫强度的增加而增加。综合结果表明,樟子松抗旱性比紫穗槐强。     

铅和水分胁迫对国槐幼苗光合特性的影响

为探究国槐(Sophora japonica)幼苗对铅和干旱胁迫的抗性,采用盆栽控水方法对幼苗的叶绿素含量变化、净光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:在铅胁迫下,幼苗叶绿素a和叶绿素(a+b)的含量随着水分胁迫加剧先升高后降低,且二者都在土壤相对含水量为70%时达到最大值。在100%水分处理下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)的含量都达到最小值,而水分胁迫造成了叶绿素a/b比值的下降;铅胁迫下,净光合速率随土壤相对含水率的减小呈降低-升高-降低的趋势,最小值出现在土壤相对含水量为40%处,水分利用效率(WUE)随着水分胁迫的加剧呈现先增大后减小再增大的趋势,在SRW为52.16%达到最小值。     

水分胁迫对短梗大参生理生化特征的影响

为了探索短梗大参对水分胁迫的适应性,提供其引种驯化和园林栽培依据,以2年生短梗大参苗木为试验材料,采用盆栽试验和称重控水法进行土壤水分胁迫(设置土壤相对含水量分别为田间最大持水量的80%、70%、60%和50%,以田间最大持水量100%为对照),研究不同水分胁迫对短梗大参生理生化特征的影响。结果表明:短梗大参叶片相对含水量随着土壤水分胁迫程度加强而降低,最大降幅达34.50%;质膜在水分胁迫下易遭受破坏,在严重水分胁迫下相对质膜透性高达79.85%,丙二醛(MDA)含量增幅达121.07%;渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量在水分胁迫下增加,至土壤相对含水量70%时达到最高,分别比对照升高34.73%和40.39%,而可溶性蛋白质含量下降;总叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量在水分胁迫下降低,而叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值升高。     

扁桃幼苗对水分胁迫的响应

为探讨扁桃幼苗对水分条件的适应能力 ,以 1a生盆栽扁桃苗为材料 ,设置 5个水平土壤相对含水量处理 ,研究了生长状况和主要生理过程对土壤水分胁迫的反应。结果表明 ,在水分胁迫条件下 ,特别是在干旱胁迫下 ,苗木生长受到严重抑制 ,净光合速率和蒸腾速率降低 ;随着水分胁迫的加剧 ,叶片渗透调节和维持膨压能力有一定程度的提高 ;过量水分供应 ,对扁桃生长和生理作用产生不良影响。扁桃幼苗对土壤水分的要求是田间持水量的 60 %～80 %。     

干旱胁迫对槐树幼苗生长和生理生态特征的影响

以盆栽当年生槐树幼苗为材料,研究干旱胁迫对槐树幼苗生长和若干生理生态指标的影响。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,槐树幼苗的生长受到明显抑制,叶片相对含水量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度逐渐下降,水分利用效率和脯氨酸含量则显著上升;叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量随土壤含水量的降低,先减小后增大,而叶绿素a/叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素/叶绿素总量无显著变化;干旱胁迫下,净光合速率的下降是由气孔因素与非气孔因素双重作用造成的,轻度和中度干旱胁迪下气孔限制是光合速率下降的主要原因,而重度干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是光合速率下降的主要原因。     

干旱胁迫对美国白蜡幼苗生理指标的影响

以美国白蜡2 a生实生苗为材料,采用盆栽方式进行干旱胁迫试验,测定苗木相对含水量、水分饱和亏、叶绿素含量及细胞质膜透性等生理指标,结果表明:从控水开始至12 d时,其叶片叶绿素含量从4.797 2 mg·g-1下降到3.693 2 mg·g-1,降低了23%;而相对电导率从39.11%上升到58.31%,上升了49.09%,相对电导率变化较大,但叶绿素含量相对稳定,膜系统未受到较严重损伤;胁迫12 d时叶片干鲜比仅比对照增加了9.73%,干旱致死临界点土壤含水量在5%以下,具有较强抗旱性。维持幼苗正常生长的临界土壤含水量为10%。     

盐胁迫对木槿属两个外来种质生长及叶绿素含量影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同质量分数的NaCl胁迫对木槿属两个新引进植物Hibiscus‘Moy grande’、H.dasycalyx高生长、干物质量、根冠比及叶绿素含量变化等指标的影响。结果表明:4 g/kg盐处理水平时,两种材料的高生长量均与对照无显著差异,H.‘Moy grande’的干物质量积累较对照略有下降,H.dasycalyx干物质量积累则受到显著抑制(P﹤0.05);根冠比测定数据表明盐胁迫对两种材料地上部分的生长抑制强于对根系生长的抑制;盐胁迫下两种材料叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量变化趋势与单位质量叶片叶绿素含量的变化相似,均有不同程度的升高。生长指标分析结果表明H.‘Moy grande’对NaCl胁迫的抗性强于H.dasycalyx。     

干旱胁迫下保水剂对澳洲坚果生长及水分特征参数的影响

以‘HAES788’澳洲坚果品种为供试材料,采用盆栽的方式模拟自然干旱,研究土壤干旱过程中保水剂对澳洲坚果植株生长、叶绿素及叶片水分特征参数的影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,无论施用保水剂与否,随着水分胁迫时间延长,植株生长均受到了抑制;保水剂处理的植株,其组织密度增加,叶片饱和亏缺小,叶片相对含水量增加;叶绿素a和叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量都显著增加。     

茶条槭山梨山桃苗木对土壤水分胁迫的适应性

在温室内用盆栽法栽植了1年生茶条槭、山梨和山桃苗木,并采用4种土壤水分处理,土壤相对含水量分别为75.0%、61.1%、46.4%和35.4%。结果表明:随土壤含水量降低,3树种苗木净光合速率,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均下降,土壤含水量最低时,茶条槭苗木各生理指标降低幅度最大,山梨和山桃次之。茶条槭和山梨水分利用效率随土壤含水量的减少呈降低趋势,山桃水分利用效率呈升高趋势。水分胁迫下,3树种苗木根分配生物量显著增加。茶条槭在水分胁迫下,根冠比增加幅度最大,山梨次之,山桃最小。此外,茶条槭叶形态可塑性强,随土壤含水量降低,茶条槭单叶叶面积和总叶面积显著减小,叶厚度增加。山梨和山桃在水分胁迫下单叶叶面积及总叶面积无显著变化。综合3树种苗木在水分胁迫下的生理和形态指标及生物量分配的变化,茶条槭对水分胁迫的适应能力强于山桃和山梨。表3参31。     

不同土壤水分条件下雷公藤的生长及光响应特征

选择2年生雷公藤盆栽扦插苗为实验材料,研究了不同土壤水分条件下(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%)雷公藤的生长及光响应特征,结果表明:在4种水分条件下,雷公藤枝条和叶片的生长量及叶片质量均随土壤含水量的增加而逐渐增加,土壤含水量为80%时生长量较好,叶绿素含量及比叶鲜重、干重均较高,土壤含水量为20%时生长相对较差,与各处理间差异显著;随着水分胁迫的加重,雷公藤的光合和蒸腾速率逐渐降低,不同土壤水分条件下,雷公藤光合与蒸腾的光响应均表现出一致的变化趋势,即随着光照强度的增加,其光合与蒸腾速率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

干旱胁迫对不同种源北沙柳幼苗生长特性的影响

对7个种源的北沙柳1年生幼苗开展干旱胁迫试验的结果表明,各种源表现出的胁迫症状基本相同,随着胁迫水平的增加,产生的胁迫症状越严重。干旱胁迫使北沙柳的生长受到抑制,株高与基径的生长减缓,总生物量的积累受到抑制。干旱胁迫促进北沙柳根系的生长,以吸收更多的水和营养,从而提高其抗旱性,综合分析可知宁夏盐池种源（SNY）是干旱胁迫下生长表现最优的种源。     

不同水分管理对楸树苗木速生期生长及生理的影响

以贵州主要阔叶造林树种楸树为研究对象,采用人工控制土壤含水量的盆栽试验方法,研究楸树苗木速生期不同水分管理对幼苗苗高、地径、根系生长、生物量分配以及生理质量指标的影响。结果表明:速生期楸树幼苗最适宜的土壤含水量为100%田间持水量,一般应保持在80%~100%田间持水量之间,低于80%田间持水量,会使楸树幼苗的苗高与地径生长、根系发育、生物量积累都受到严重的限制,苗木生理质量指标叶绿素含量、根系活跃吸收面积和叶片相对含水量明显降低,而叶片质膜透性增加,细胞膜受到严重伤害;在40%田间持水量时,幼苗因干旱而死亡。     

Growth and nutrition of containerized Pinus Resinosa seedlings at varying moisture regimes

Containerized red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings were grown over a 16-week rotation at different irrigation treatments to assess moisture stress on plant growth and nutrition, and to evaluate container capacity as a guide for irrigation. Wet, moist and dry moisture regimes were induced by watering trees to the container capacity weight of the growing medium after declining to respective 92, 73 and 57% of this reference weight. The seedlings received the same amount of fertilizer over the growth period. Maximum shoot and root growth was attained under the wet moisture regime, but biomass was reduced 21 and 43% for the moist and dry regimes. Plant nutrient concentrations were not significantly affected by watering treatment, and vector diagnosis of dry matter production and element composition indicated that macronutrients were non-limiting. Seedling nutrient uptake however, was significantly diminished by moisture stress which was attributed to decreased root growth and lower mass flow and diffusion of nutrients when moisture availability was reduced in the peat rooting media. Container capacity was found to be a sensitive reference for judging the watering requirements of greenhouse-grown containerized seedlings. The method can be relatively easily applied on an operational basis.     

土壤水分对大红袍花椒生物量与耗水特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,对不同土壤水分条件下（土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的80%、60%、45%、35%）1年生大红袍花椒生长及蒸腾耗水特性进行了研究。结果表明：不同土壤水分条件下,大红袍花椒耗水量差异很大,土壤含水量为田间持水量的80%、60%、45%、35%时,5~8月份花椒幼苗的耗水量分别为10.05、5.97、5.39、3.37 kg;土壤水分供应充足有利于花椒地上部分的生长,干旱胁迫则有利于花椒根系的生长。     

Drought resistance and water use efficiency of conifer seedlings treated with paclobutrazol

Growth and drought resistance of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta (Loud.)), and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) container seedlings, treated with paclobutrazol at different times and with concentrations up to 2.8 mM, were examined over their second growing season. In two experiments all three species were planted in sand beds in the open and subjected to different levels of moisture stress. Paclobutrazol drenches of 0.3 and 0.6 mM made twice in October, prior to planting the following March, reduced dry weight growth the least, or increased growth in lodgepole pine under dry conditions. Paclobutrazol generally decreased survival under drought stress, particularly if treatment was applied immediately before planting, rather than the previous October. In a third experiment paclobutrazol treated white spruce were grown, in 3.1 L capacity containers filled with peat and vermiculite, at different moisture supply levels and temperatures in growth chambers. Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated from water use and increases in dry weight of these seedlings over 83 days. Paclobutrazol treatment increased WUE most strongly over the first 31 day measurement period, under all temperature and moisture conditions, but the effect was negligible during the last 24 days of the experiment, and height growth was reduced by treatment. Mineral nutrient concentrations were affected by paclobutrazol, and it was concluded that these and other responsed depended partly on seedling condition at the time of treatment.     

不同土壤水分含量下落羽杉根、茎、叶营养水平的差异

应用温室盆栽试验方法,采用完全随机试验设计,研究了土壤水分含量对1年生落羽杉实生苗的营养吸收及分配的影响。试验共有5种处理,即W1(淹水,水深为土壤表面以上5cm)、W2(渍水,水面与土面保持水平)、W3、W4、W5(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的75%、50%和25%),处理时间为130d。研究结果表明:(1)随着土壤水分含量的减少,落羽杉根、茎和叶中全N质量浓度均逐渐升高,根、茎、叶中全P质量浓度则又先升高后下降的趋势,以W3水分处理最高,根、茎和叶中全Ca、全K、全Na、全Mg、全Fe质量浓度则有不同的变化趋势;(2)所有处理根、茎、叶中全Fe、全N、全P、全Mg、全Na、全Ca、全K质量浓度大小的顺序为叶>根>茎;(3)随着土壤水分含量的减少,落羽杉对各种营养元素的吸收累积量减少,分配到根和茎中的比例增加,分配到叶中的比例逐渐减少。     

Water stress and crop load effects on fruit fresh and dry weights in peach (Prunus persica)

Effects of water stress on fruit fresh and dry weights were investigated in peach trees, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., with varying crop loads: light, moderate and heavy. In well-watered controls, tree water status was independent of crop load. In trees receiving reduced irrigation, the degree of water stress increased with increasing crop load. Water stress induced fruit fresh weight reductions at all crop loads. Fruit dry weight was not reduced by water stress in trees having light to moderate crop loads, indicating that the degree of water stress imposed did not affect the dry weight sink strength of fruit. Water-stressed trees with heavy crop loads had significantly reduced fruit dry weights, which were likely due to carbohydrate source limitations resulting from large crop carbon demands and water stress limitations on photosynthesis.     

Growth,biomass partitioning,and water-use efficiency of a leguminous shrub (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bauhinia faberi</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">microphylla</Emphasis>) in response to various water availabilities

Responses of the endemic leguminous shrub Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla, to various soil water supply regimes were studied in order to assess water stress tolerance of seedlings. Two-month-old seedlings were grown under water supply regimes of 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% water field capacity (FC), respectively, in a temperature and light-controlled greenhouse. Plant height and leaf number were measured monthly over a 4-month period, while water use (WU), water-use efficiency (WUE), leaf relative water content (RWC), biomass production and its partitioning were recorded at the end of the experiment. Seedlings exhibited the greatest biomass production, height, basal diameter, branch number, leaf number, and leaf area when soil content was at 100% FC, and slightly declined at 80% FC. These parameters declined significantly under 60% FC water supply, and severely reduced under 40 and 20% FC. RWC, WU and WUE decreased, while the ratio of root mass to stem mass (R:S) increased in response to decreasing water supply. Water stress caused leaf shedding, but not plant death. The results demonstrated that B. faberi var. microphylla seedlings could tolerate drought by reducing branching and leaf area while maintaining a high R:S ratio. However, low dry mass and WUE at 40 and 20% FC suggested that the seedlings did not produce significant biomass under prolonged severe water deficit. Therefore, before introducing B. faberi var. microphylla in vegetation restoration efforts, water supply above 40% FC is recommended for seedlings to maintain growth.