Predicting the degree of phosphorus saturation using the ammonium acetate–EDTA soil test

As a result of the important role played by phosphorus (P) in surface water eutrophication, the susceptibility of soils to release P requires evaluation. The degree of phosphorus saturation, assessed by oxalate extraction (DPS_ox), has been used as an indicator. However, most laboratories do not include DPS_ox in routine soil tests because of cost and time. This study evaluates the suitability of the ammonium acetate extraction in the presence of EDTA (AAEDTA), the standard soil test P (STP) in Wallonia (Southern Belgium), to predict DPS_ox; we also compared it with the Mehlich 3 extraction. Ninety‐three topsoil samples were collected in agricultural soils throughout Wallonia. Good correlations were found between the AAEDTA and the Mehlich 3 methods for P, Fe and Al (r = 0.85, 0.77 and 0.86, respectively). An exponential relationship was found between P_AAEDTA and DPS_ox. Results of principal component analysis and regression demonstrated that STP can be used to predict DPS_ox (r = 0.93) after logarithmic transformation. Soil test Al was also a good indicator of the P sorption capacity (PSC_ox) of soils (r = 0.86). Including the clay fraction in regression equations only slightly improved the prediction of PSC_ox (r = 0.90), while other readily available data (such as pH or organic carbon) did not significantly improve either DPS_ox or PSC_ox predictions.     

Comparison between the penetration characteristics of methyl bromide and ethanedinitrile through the bark of pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) logs

BACKGROUND

Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a fumigant being commercialized worldwide as an alternative phytosanitary treatment to methyl bromide (MB) for forest products. The penetration characteristics of MB and EDN were measured through the bark of wooden blocks (100 × 100 × 50 mm) cut from the upper (average bark thickness 5 ± 2 mm) and lower (average bark thickness 25 ± 5 mm) trunk of recently felled pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) trees. Doses of 48 g m⁻³ MB and 50 g m⁻³ EDN were applied to chambers at 10 and 20°C for 10 h.

RESULTS

Penetration of MB was influenced by the interaction between fumigation time and temperature, with concentrations increasing at a higher rate at 20°C compared with at 10°C. After 10 h, an average concentration of 8.05 ± 0.89 g m⁻³ had penetrated the bark of log sections at 20°C, whereas 5.20 ± 0.89 g m⁻³ was measured at 10°C. By contrast, the factors examined in this study did not significantly impact the penetration of EDN. Concentration × time (CT) values for MB under the bark were 35.20 ± 2.30 g h m⁻³ at 10°C and 55.85 ± 9.58 g h m⁻³ at 20°C; whereas for EDN, CT values were 19.50 ± 6.80 g h m⁻³ at 10°C and 19.08 ± 4.10 g h m⁻³ at 20°C.

CONCLUSION

MB can achieve a higher concentration under the bark of log sections during simulated fumigations, but all of the factors examined affected the ability of MB to penetrate the bark of wooden blocks. By comparison, the penetration of EDN through the bark is more consistent than MB under laboratory conditions. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Analysis,sorption and residues of a homologous series of isothiocyanates on wheat

A series of isothiocyanates (R-NCS, R, 1–6 carbon atoms) was applied in the vapour phase to wheat in sealed containers. The speed of sorption, as measured by the rate of loss from the intergranular air space, was inversely proportional to molecular weight; e.g. the time for 50% sorption of hexyl isothiocyanate was over 100 times longer than for the methyl analogue. Despite extensive sorption, most of the applied chemicals was recovered from the fumigated wheat seven days after dosing, indicating that sorption did not lead to extensive degradation. Purge and trap techniques proved suitable for recovery of low-boiling, but not high-boiling chemicals.     

Contributions of Extractives and Lignin to the Fractal Geometry of Internal Wood Surfaces

Internal wood surfaces can be treated as fractals, which are between Euclidean geometry and complete randomness. The fractal dimension Dfs is very informative in investigating the roughness of the internal surfaces of wood. In this study, the water sorption isotherms, including adsorption and desorption isotherm, of untreated, benzene-alcohol extracted and delignified (after benzene-alcohol extracted) spruce (Cuninghamia lanceolata) were measured at 30℃. On the basis of these isotherms, the Dfs values were calculated by FHH equation, which is based on multimolecular sorption. The results showed that both groups of Dfs values (respectively calculated from adsorption and desorption isotherms) of untreated, benzene-alcohol extracted and delignified wood have same order, that is, untreated > benzene-alcohol extracted - delignified. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that the benzene-alcohol extractives have significant contribution to the fractal geometry of internal wood surfaces. Lignin also has influ     

蛭石与人造沸石氨氮等温吸附理论式与判别式

为比较在高起始氨氮浓度C0点和介质用量W0点上,吸附理论通式Qe=W0qmC0/[qmKw W0(qm-qe) C0]与其简化方程Qe=W0qmC0/[qm(Kw W0) C0]的适用性,测定了给定pH值和温度条件下反应平衡时NH4Cl溶液中蛭石和人造沸石的氨氮吸附量(Qe).在该试验条件下确定的蛭石单位介质吸附容量qm和介质系数Kw值分别为22 mg/g和15.5 g/L,人造沸石的qm和Kw的值分别为45 mg/g和8 g/L.在整个试验氨氮浓度C0和介质用量W0范围内,用该通式描述两介质刘氨氮的等温吸附过程具有很高的精确度.而简化方程仅在有限范围内即C0相对小或W0相对大时才适用.若给定预测相对误差(RD),则C0/qm(Kw W0)≤RD可作为简化方程应用的判别式.     

不同粒径生物炭和微塑料共存对菲吸附的影响

为研究环境中生物炭和微塑料之间的相互作用对有机污染物吸附产生的影响,选取两种粒径范围[0.85~2.00 mm（L）和0.11~0.18 mm（S）]的小麦秸秆生物炭（BC）和聚乙烯微塑料（PE）,对其性质进行表征,并测定了吸附平衡溶液中溶解性有机碳的浓度和组成,研究了其单独和共存时吸附菲的行为。结果表明：同种颗粒物不同粒径间的差异主要体现在总比表面积、孔结构和表面官能团数量;SBC的总比表面积（216.32 m²·g^-1）约是LBC（2.31 m²·g^-1）的100倍,而LBC的平均孔径（8.92 nm）约是SBC（2.28 nm）的4倍;SPE的总比表面积（0.17 m²·g^-1）是LPE（0.07 m²·g^-1）的2倍多。SBC羟基振动峰（3 400 cm^-1）的强度显著高于LBC;SPE亚甲基振动峰的强度高于LPE。吸附等温线结果显示,颗粒物对菲的吸附均符合Freundlich模型（R²>0.94）;单一颗粒物吸附菲能力（lg K_f）的顺序为SBC>SPE>LPE>LBC;当生物炭与聚乙烯微塑料共存时吸附能力强于单一颗粒物,并且高于两相Freundlich模型预测值,说明菲在生物炭与聚乙烯微塑料混合颗粒物上的吸附不是独立的;同时,混合颗粒物吸附平衡溶液中溶解性有机碳的浓度和芳香度明显下降,并且溶解性有机碳浓度与颗粒物的lg K_f显著负相关,说明不同颗粒物对菲的吸附不仅受颗粒物表面性质的影响,还受溶解性有机碳的控制。     

肉大鸡颗粒饲料的吸湿解吸平衡模型

为了研究成品饲料的吸湿解吸平衡规律,用GAB模型及其含温度变量的改良模型（mGAB, modified GAB）拟合静态法获得的肉大鸡颗粒料在15、25、35和45℃环境下,在11%至97%平衡相对湿度（即水活度0.11～0.97）范围内的吸湿平衡以及11%～75%（即水活度0.11～0.75）范围内的解吸平衡,得到优异的拟合精度。结果表明：随温度上升,饲料的平衡含水率下降,吸湿和解吸之间存在明显的滞后现象。用BET解吸模型计算的15～45℃范围内单层含水率为6.34%～5.39%（干基）,并且随温度升高线性下降。以水活度0.65为安全贮存的临界点,对应于吸湿和解吸过程, 用改良GAB模型估计4个温度点的安全水分（干基）分别为13.09%和14.71%、12.92%和14.33%、12.74%和14.00%、12.56%和13.66%。研究结果为饲料的贮存和冷却过程规律研究提供了参考。     

Retention of dissolved organic matter by illitic soils and clay fractions: Influence of mineral phase properties

The dependency of the retention of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on mineral phase properties in soils remains uncertain especially at neutral pH. To specifically elucidate the role of mineral surfaces and pedogenic oxides for DOC retention at pH 7, we sorbed DOC to bulk soil (illitic surface soils of a toposequence) and corresponding clay fraction (< 2 μm) samples after the removal of organic matter and after removal of organic matter and pedogenic oxides. The DOC retention was related to the content of dithionite‐extractable iron, specific surface area (SSA, BET‐N₂ method) and cation exchange capacity (pH 7). The reversibility of DOC sorption was determined by a desorption experiment. All samples sorbed 20–40 % of the DOC added. The DOC sorption of the clay fractions explained the total sorption of the bulk soils. None of the mineral phase properties investigated was able to solely explain the DOC retention. A sorption of 9 to 24 μg DOC m^–2 indicated that DOC interacted only with a fraction of the mineral surface, since loadings above 500 μg m^–2 would be expected for a carbon monolayer. Under the experimental conditions used, the surface of the silicate clay minerals seemed to be more important for the DOC sorption than the surface of the iron oxides. The desorption experiment removed 11 to 31 % of the DOC sorbed. Most of the DOC was strongly sorbed.     

硬脂酸-胱氨酸-大豆分离蛋白复合膜的机械特性和吸湿性研究

以硬脂酸作为增塑剂，胱氨酸作为交联剂制备具有一定力学性能和良好抗湿性能的大豆分离蛋白复合膜。将膜放在25℃，相对湿度为50%的干燥器中平衡两天，用质构仪测定膜的抗拉强度(TS),延伸率(E(%))。在水分活度a_w为0.10～0.90的范围内研究了复合膜在25℃的吸湿特性。吸湿速率和吸湿等温线数据分别拟合到Peleg's 方程和GAB(Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer)模型。结果表明：大豆蛋白复合膜的TS、延伸率E(%)以及吸湿速率随着硬脂酸和胱氨酸的添加比率显著地变化。硬脂酸和胱氨酸的最佳添加比率为40∶60(w/w)(每升蛋白质溶液中加入10 g混合添加剂)，此时，大豆蛋白膜的强度比原来提高2倍，并且有最佳的吸湿速率。吸湿数据和GAB 模型有很高的拟合度，拟合系数最高达0.99。     

基于冠层多光谱数据预测水稻氮素营养状况

A soil batch experiment was conducted to investigate both separate and compound effects of three types of surfactants： anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodiumsalt （DBSS）, cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）, and nonionic nonyl phenol polyethyleneoxy ether （TX-100）, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on cadmium solubility, sorption kinetics, and sorption-desorption behavior in purple soil. The results indicated that both individual application of the three types of surfactants and surfactants combined with EDTA could stimulate Cd extraction from the soil with a general effectiveness ranking of EDTA/TX-100 〉 EDTA/DBSS 〉 EDTA/CTAB 〉 EDTA 〉 TX-100 〉 DBSS 〉 CTAB. Further study showed that the compound application of surfactants and EDTA had stronger （P 〈 0.05） effects on Cd solubility than those added individually. The application of surfactants and EDTA to purple soil （P 〈 0.05） decreased the proportion of Cd sorbed, while their effectiveness ranking was similar to that of enhanced solubilization. The sorption kinetics of Cd in purple soil was best described by the double-constant equation, while the Freundlich equation gave an excellent fit to the sorption isotherm curves. Therefore, surfactant-enhanced remediation of Cd contaminated soil is feasible and further research should be conducted.