Effects of 'Agri-SC' soil conditioner on soil structure and erodibility: some further observations

Abstract. In field and laboratory experiments the conditioner‘Agri-SC’has shown improvements in the structure of loamy sand soils in east Shropshire, UK. It resulted in statistically significant decreases in soil bulk density values and increases in soil porosity and aggregate stability. Further experiments are in progress on both loamy sand and silt loam soils.     

黄土坡面结皮对土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性和可蚀性的影响

为了探析微地形下土壤受雨滴打击后产生的结皮类型及团聚体组成差异。通过人工模拟降雨,研究坡面不同位置的结皮土壤水稳性团聚体分布特征、稳定性以及土壤可蚀性的变化情况。结果表明：（1）土壤水稳性团聚体以大团聚体（粒径>0.25 mm）含量为指标,原状土、结构结皮、沉积结皮、过渡带结皮>0.25 mm粒级的水稳性团聚体分别占37.28%、43.58%、36.69%、40.34%;（2）以降雨历时5 min为例,原状土、结构结皮、沉积结皮、过渡带结皮的水稳性团聚体的破坏率分别为：51.49%、46.00%、62.76%、51.02%;（3）原状土、结构结皮、沉积结皮、过渡带结皮的水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径分别为：0.15、0.20、0.14、0.17 mm;（4）原状土、结构结皮、沉积结皮、过渡带结皮土壤可蚀性K值的大小分别为：0.223、0.200、0.229、0.205。微地形下产生结皮差异使得水稳性团聚体分布有所区别,因此土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性和可蚀性存在差异。     

Effects of cover crop growth and decomposition on the distribution of aggregate size fractions and soil microbial carbon dynamics

Although the effects of cover crops (CC) on various soil parameters have been fully investigated, less is known about the impacts at different stages in CC cultivation. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of CC cultivation stages and residue placement on aggregates and microbial carbon (C_mic). Additionally, the influence of residue location and crop species on CO₂ emissions and leached mineralized nitrogen (N_min) during the plant degradation period was also investigated. Within an incubation experiment, four CC species were sown in soil columns, with additional columns being kept plant‐free. After plant growth, the columns were frozen (as occurs in winter under field conditions) and then incubated with the plant material either incorporated or surface‐applied. With CC, concentrations of large and medium macroaggregates were twice that of the fallow, confirming positive effects of root growth. Freezing led to a decrease in these aggregate size classes. In the subsequent incubation, the large macroaggregates decreased far more in the samples with CC than in the fallow, leading to similar aggregate size distributions. No difference in C_mic concentration was found among the CC cultivation stages. CO₂ emissions were roughly equivalent to the carbon amounts added as plant residues. Comparison of columns with incorporated or surface‐applied residues indicated no consistent pattern of aggregate distribution, CO₂ emission or C_mic and N_min concentrations. Our results suggest that positive effects of CC cultivation are only short term and that a large amount of organic material in the soil could have a greater influence than CC cultivation.     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

三江源退化高寒草原植物种间亲和性和土壤团聚体特征

为研究三江源地区不同退化程度的高寒草原土壤团聚体和种间亲和性特征,以轻度、中度、重度和极度退化草地为研究对象,对土壤特征和群落特征进行测定。结果表明：随着退化程度的加剧,同一土层相同粒径土壤颗粒的分形维数逐渐减小,>0.5 mm粒径土壤团聚体占比下降、平均重量直径减小,<0.5 mm粒径土壤颗粒的平均重量直径增大,各粒径团聚体分布受土层深度影响较小;中度退化草地物种多样性最高,其种间相关性也最为复杂;随退化程度加剧,正联结种对占比增大,而负联结种对占比下降,种对间的相关性和性质也发生显著变化;退化过程中土壤沙化明显,群落建群种发生变化、杂类草比例显著增加,种对间相关性趋于简单,种间竞争强度逐渐降低。因此,在草地退化过程中维持群落种间亲和性,可有效遏制土壤沙化和草原进一步退化。     

Localized hemibiotrophy in Colletotrichum: cytological and molecular taxonomic similarities among C. destructivum, C. linicola and C. truncatum

The infection process of hemibiotrophic isolates of Colletotrichum linicola (from flax, Linum usitatissimum ) and C . truncatum (from broad bean, Vicia faba and lentil, Lens culinaris ) was studied by light microscopy. Host surfaces were penetrated directly leading to a symptomless, biotrophic phase characterized by the elaboration of large multilobed, multiseptate, vesicular primary hyphae that were restricted to the initially infected epidermal cells. Biotrophy lasted for the first 48 h of the host-pathogen interaction and was rapidly succeeded by a necrotrophic phase during which narrow, secondary hyphae invaded the surrounding leaf tissues and water-soaked spreading lesions with sporulating, monosetate acervuli were produced on infected host surfaces. Molecular taxonomic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified D2 and ITS-2 regions of rDNA revealed very close similarities (97–99%) between these isolates and those of C . destructivum obtained from cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) and lucerne ( Medicago sativa ), and also of C . truncatum obtained from pea ( Pisum sativum ). This association was consistent with results from a comparative assessment of some in-planta and in-vitro morphological and growth characteristics of these hemibiotrophic fungi. It was concluded that localized hemibiotrophy is an infection strategy utilized predominantly by a closely-related group of pathogens comprising C . destructivum , C . linicola and C. truncatum , and the formation of multilobed primary hyphae restricted to the first penetrated cell might therefore be a key taxonomic character which correlates consistently with ITS sequence data.     

Soil Potassium Indices and Clay‐Sized Particles affecting Banana‐Wilt Expression Caused by Soil Fungus in Banana Plantation Development on Transported Volcanic Soils

Abstract

Relations among the expression of banana disease symptoms caused by the soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, soil potassium (K)–sodium (Na) properties [soluble K‐Na ratios (SK/SS), potential buffering capacity for K (KBC), potassium adsorption ratio (KAR)], and clay‐sized particles were evaluated in Sorribas plots from the Canary Islands. Soils were sampled in areas of Sorribas where banana plants show positive or negative wilting symptoms characteristic of Panama disease. The Bartoli method was used for soil dispersion (Na resin). This method was able to show a clear separation between diseased and disease‐free areas by the amount of clay‐sized particles. Results also show that the greatest SK/SS ratios and clay‐sized particles in soils from diseased areas could explain the increase of water‐stable aggregate mass in these soils and the release of available iron (Fe) to soil solution in diseased areas, at least in Sorribas cultivated soils under the arid climate conditions of the Canary Islands.     

放牧对新疆天山山地草甸土壤团聚体和土壤呼吸潜力的影响

放牧是新疆山地草甸重要的利用方式,探明放牧对草地土壤呼吸的影响机制,可为深入了解草地碳汇功能,合理的利用草地提供参考依据。本研究在天山北坡中段山地草甸开展,以长期放牧和围封草地(CK)的土壤为研究对象,采用干筛法将土壤筛分为＜0.25 mm,0.25~1 mm,1~2 mm,2~4 mm粒径的土壤团聚体,并测定了各粒径团聚体的比例、土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、土壤β-木糖苷酶、土壤N-乙酰-β-D葡萄糖苷酶活性及其21天的CO₂释放量。研究结果表明：放牧显著增加了＜0.25 mm粒径的团聚体比例,降低了＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm土壤团聚体的CO₂释放量;＜0.25 mm粒径土壤团聚体CO₂释放量均显著高于其他粒径;三种土壤酶活性在＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm粒径的土壤团聚体中与土壤呼吸表现出显著的正相关。综合分析表明,在天山北坡中段山地草甸,放牧会抑制＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm团聚体酶活性,降低土壤呼吸,使得草地整体代谢速率降低。     

黄泛沙地不同林龄杨树人工林土壤团聚体及有机碳特征

为明确黄泛沙地不同林龄杨树人工林对土壤团聚体及有机碳的影响,以山东省国有东明林场3 a,5 a,8 a,10 a生杨树人工林土壤为研究对象,采用野外取样、室内试验与湿筛法分析了土壤团聚体组成与稳定性,并分析土壤有机碳含量与储量的变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同林龄杨树人工林团聚体分布均以大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为主,在表层土层(0—20 cm)中,随林龄的增加,大团聚体含量呈先显著降低后增加再略减的趋势; 而在20—40 cm土层中,土壤大团聚体含量为5 a>8 a>3 a>10 a; 在40—60 cm土层无显著差异;(2)在0—20 cm土层中,有机碳含量表现为3 a>5 a>10 a>8 a; 在20—60 cm土层,呈先增后减的趋势,且无显著差异。土壤稳定性与团聚体的形成和有机碳密切相关,有机碳含量与GMD值呈极显著正相关关系;(3)不同林龄杨树人工林有机碳储量均呈现一定程度表聚性,在0—20 cm各林龄碳储量占总碳储量的59.17%～74.26%。在3 a到5 a阶段由于土壤淋溶作用,可能导致有机碳储量发生转移,从表层土层(0—20 cm)向底层土层(20—60 cm)转移,而在8 a到10 a阶段,有机碳储量从底层土层向表层土层发生转移。研究结果为揭示黄泛沙地杨树人工林土壤团聚结构形成与有机碳提升提供了参考。     

侵蚀地貌中土壤团聚体碳、氮、磷含量变化及其环境风险

为明确侵蚀环境中长期施用化肥条件下农田土壤养分积累特征及其对流域面源污染的潜在威胁。在高塬沟壑区,分别采集塬面—坡地—沟道和川地—河漫滩—河道中土壤及泥沙样品,分析不同侵蚀地貌单元中团聚体粒级分布特征和不同团聚体中C、N、P含量变化及其潜在环境风险。结果表明:(1)沟道和河道等低洼地带＜63 μm粒级团聚体占比最高,川地—河漫滩—河道系统中＜63 μm粒径含量显著高于塬面—坡地—沟道系统;(2)塬面有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(Olsen—P)含量分别为8.49,1.19,1.23 g/kg和51.80 mg/kg,是80年代初的1.39,1.49,1.76,16.27倍;川地分别为6.80,1.00,1.07 g/kg和27.40 mg/kg,是80年代初的1.12,1.25,1.52,8.13倍,磷素积累最为明显。各粒级团聚体中SOC、TN、TP、Olsen—P含量由高到低依次为＞250 μm粒级,63~250 μm粒级,＜63 μm粒级;(3)无论是从塬面到沟道,还是从川地到河道,不同粒级团聚体中SOC、TN、TP、Olsen—P都呈现了显著降低趋势,但沟道和河道＜63 μm粒级团聚体中有效磷素含量已升高到塬面上世纪80年代初水平。易侵蚀迁移的团聚体(＜250 μm)分布特征和CaCl₂—P的突变点问题突出,成为塬面和川地农田土壤养分积累影响水体环境的潜在风险源。因此,防治水土流失和改善施肥措施是确保黄河流域高质量发展的基础。