Contamination of shallow groundwater system and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields

This study focuses on experimental pilot assessment of contamination of shallow groundwater systems and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields. The study approach involved a pilot experimental (greenhouse) set-up of organo-mineral amended test plots/troughs (40 cm × 47 cm × 46 cm) planted with two common vegetable crops (Amaranthus hybridus and Abelmoschus esculentus) and irrigated with wastewater. In addition to the geochemical analyses of the primary un-amended and amended soils before planting as well as residual soils after harvesting, measurements of the physico-chemical parameters and chemical analyses of trace metals concentrations in irrigation leachates and harvested vegetable tissues were also undertaken following appropriate standard sample preparation and analytical methods.The results of the geochemical analyses carried out on irrigation leachate samples collected during the sprouting stage revealed that most of the analyzed trace metals in the collected leachates exhibited 2-10 folds depletion (except for Cu and Co with enrichment of about 1.5-3 folds) compared to the initial wastewater used for irrigation. A situation attributed to uptake/bioaccumulation of these metals and selective enrichment in the residual soils as well as to leaching by infiltrating irrigation water. Nonetheless, the observed higher trace elements concentrations in the second sets of leachates collected during harvesting stage compared to the first sets of leachates collected during the sprouting/vegetative stage is an indication of higher plant uptake during sprouting/vegetative stage or initial sorption/complexation of biosolids amendment before later vertical re-mobilization by infiltrating irrigation water.Although, virtually all of the analyzed metals exhibited elevated concentrations (2-173 ppm) in both A. hybridus and A. esculentus, a closer evaluation revealed 1.2-8.2 folds enrichment of Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pb in A. esculentus compared to that of A. hybridus, an indication of the fact that phyto-accumulation of trace metal is plant-specific and dependent on physiological set-up. The overall evaluation had clearly demonstrated the potential danger of bioaccumulation of toxic trace metals under biosolid amended soils as well as impacts of irrigation-induced leaching on the shallow groundwater quality, while the need to evolve a sustainable agricultural practices is also highlighted.

Capsule

Organo-mineral amendment can lead to trace metal bioaccumulation (in plants) and irrigation-induced leaching to shallow groundwater system.     

SOM fractionation methods: Relevance to functional pools and to stabilization mechanisms

Soil organic matter (SOM) consists of various functional pools that are stabilized by specific mechanisms and have certain turnover rates. For the development of mechanistic models that predict changes in SOM storage, these pools have to be quantified and characterized. In the past, numerous fractionation schemes have been developed to separate and analyse such SOM fractions. In this review, the SOM fractions obtained with such operational fractionation procedures are described in terms of their pool sizes, chemical properties, and turnover rates. The main objective of this review is to evaluate these operationally defined fractions with respect to their suitability to describe functional SOM pools that could be used to parameterize SOM turnover models. Fractionation procedures include (1) physical separation of SOM into aggregate, particle size, and density fractions and fractions according to their magnetic susceptibility, and (2) various wet chemical procedures that fractionate SOM according to solubility, hydrolysability, and resistance to oxidation or by destruction of the mineral phase. Furthermore, combinations of fractionation methods are evaluated.The active SOM pool with turnover rates <10 years may best be represented by the soil microbial biomass and the light fraction (<1.6-2 g cm⁻³) obtained by density fractionation (if black carbon contents are considered). Most chemical and physical fractionations as well as combinations of methods yield SOM fractions that are not homogeneous in terms of turnover rates. It has proven to be particularly difficult to isolate functional fractions that represent the passive model pools in which the majority of soil SOM is stabilized. The available fractionation methods do not correspond to specific stabilization mechanisms and hence do not describe functional SOM pools. Another problem is that comprehensive data for turnover rates and data for whole soil profiles are only now becoming available, especially for new fractionation methods. Such information as well as the use of specific markers and compound-specific isotope analysis may be important for future differentiation and evaluation of functional SOM fractions.     

西藏几种土壤有机无机复合状况及其热性质的研究

在西藏七种土壤结合态腐殖质分组测定的基础上，进行了相应不同有机无机复合体的差热和热重分析，结果表明：供试土壤的有机无机复合度普遍较低，复合碳中松结态和紧结态相对占有优势。土壤原样及其不同结合形态有机无机复合体在３１０℃和４３０℃左右均有一放热峰，部分土样在５７０℃左右出现另一放热峰，相应于各放热峰伴有失重。综合ＤＴＡ，ＴＧ分析以及有机质分组测定结果得出：与土壤矿物呈稳结态与紧结态复合的有机质是３１     

不同土地利用方式对黑土有机无机复合体的影响

采用超声波分散、颗粒大小分组法研究不同土地利用方式下黑土有机无机复合体组成及有机碳的分布特征。不同土地利用方式下黑土均以细砂级复合体为主,有机碳含量随粒径增加而减少,C/N比随粒径增加而增加。NP和NPM处理比NF处理土壤<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加;草地与裸地相比<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加。土地利用方式不同,土壤固碳的机制是不同的,草地生态系统的土壤固碳潜力高于农田土壤。施肥和有机质的输入使土壤各粒级复合体中的有机碳含量增加;使>20μm粒级复合体固持的SOC量比例增加,表明在土壤有机质含量增加的情况下,有机质有向大粒级复合体的积累增加。     

Soil aggregation and the stabilization of organic carbon as affected by erosion and deposition

The importance of soil aggregation in determining the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) during erosion, transportation and deposition is poorly understood. Particularly, we do not know how aggregation contributes to the often-observed accumulation of SOC at depositional sites. Our objective was to assess how aggregation affects SOC stabilization in comparison to interactions of SOC with minerals. We determined and compared aggregate size distributions, SOC distribution in density fractions, and lignin-derived phenols from aggregated soil samples at both eroding and depositional sites. The stabilization effect of aggregation was quantified by comparing mineralization from intact and crushed macro-aggregates. Deposition of eroded soil material resulted in carbon (C) enrichment throughout the soil profile. Both macro-aggregate associated SOC and C associated with minerals (heavy fraction) increased in their importance from the eroding to the depositional site. In the uppermost topsoil (0–5 cm), SOC mineralization from intact aggregates was larger at the depositional site than at the eroding site, reflecting the large input of labile organic matter (plant residues) promoting aggregation. Contrastingly, in the subsoil, mineralization rates were lower at the depositional site because of effective stabilization by interactions with soil minerals. Aggregate crushing increased SOC mineralization by 10–80% at the eroding site, but not at the depositional site. The content of lignin-derived phenols did not differ between eroding and depositional sites in the topsoil (24.6–30.9 mg per g C) but was larger in the subsoil of the eroding site, which was accompanied by higher lignin oxidation. Lignin data indicated minor effects of soil erosion and deposition on the composition of SOC. We conclude that SOC is better protected in aggregates at the eroding than at the depositional site. During transport disaggregation and consequently SOC mineralization took place, while at the depositional site re-aggregation occurred mainly in the form of macro-aggregates. However, this macro-aggregation did not result in a direct stabilization of SOC. We propose that the occlusion of C inside aggregates serves as a pathway for the eroded C to be later stabilized by organo-mineral interaction.     

有机无机复合体防治黑土退化的可行性研究

就黑土退化现状、有机无机复合体的研究现状、有机无机复合体与土壤退化的关系等方面的研究成果进行了综合评述,指出有机无机复合体是土壤改良剂、营养源和重金属或有机有毒污染物过滤器,在土壤退化防治研究中,应加强土壤有机无机复合体的研究。     

土壤团聚体的形成和稳定机制：研究进展与展望

土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分、土壤结构的基本单元,对土壤生态功能（如碳固存和养分保持等）的维持至关重要。团聚体的形成和稳定主要是通过土壤中矿物、有机质和生物间复杂的相互作用实现的,但其作用机制尚缺乏系统总结。回顾了一个世纪以来有关土壤团聚体的研究历程,梳理了土壤团聚体关键理论提出的历史节点,包括重要的发现和理论观点、主要的理论模型和评价土壤团聚体结构和稳定性的指标等,比较了团聚体的筛分方法及粒级划分依据,分别阐述了团聚体基本结构单元（矿物、有机质和生物及其衍生物）的作用机理,以及微团聚体和大团聚体形成和稳定机制。通过总结发现,尽管目前对影响团聚体形成和稳定的因素及其作用机制有较深入的探讨,但鲜有从稻田及滨水土壤系统的角度探讨pH和氧化还原变化过程对团聚体形成和稳定的影响机制。最后对土壤团聚体研究领域未来的发展进行展望,以期为土壤资源的可持续利用提供理论参考。     

有机-无机复合体原位固定修复重金属污染土壤的可行性

在当前重金属污染土壤修复技术的基础上,介绍了无机物对重金属的吸附能力和有机物对重金属的络合和螯合能力,提出利用天然的有机、无机材料制备有机-无机复合体,并有机-无机复合体原位钝化污染土壤重金属的可行性进行综合预测和展望。     

猪卵丘扩展与卵母细胞核成熟关系的研究

 以猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COC）为实验对象研究了猪卵丘扩展与卵母细胞核成熟之间的关系,结果表明,（1）全程培养均暴露于激素环境中不利于卵丘的扩展;（2）卵丘扩展良好与卵丘扩展不好的卵母细胞核成熟比例无统计学差异（P>005）;（3）去除卵母细胞的COC培养后,卵丘细胞仍然能发生扩展;（4）培养24h后去掉COC的卵丘细胞不仅不影响卵母细胞的核成熟,而且极体完整的卵母细胞数目还显著增多（P<0.01）;但去颗粒细胞组卵母细胞的质膜不如对照组光滑;（5）带有壁颗粒细胞（mural granulosa cell,MGC）的COC扩展情况明显优于不带MGC的,其中含有极体的成熟卵数也显著高于后者（P<0.01）。     

不同施肥对蔬菜保护地土壤有机无机复合体中磷素状况的影响

以19年蔬菜保护地长期定位施肥试验土壤为材料,借助超声波分散技术将土壤分为不同粒级的有机无机复合体,研究长期不同施肥处理对土壤有机无机复合体磷素含量变化的影响。结果表明,长期施用有机肥及有机肥与磷肥配施使<10μm的复合体减少,并向较大粒级复合体转化。不同粒级复合体中的全磷、有机磷与速效磷含量在<2μm粒级最高,并随粒径增大呈下降趋势。与对照相比,不同施肥可以提高各粒级复合体中磷的含量。其中,有机肥与磷肥配施处理各粒级复合体中磷素含量增幅最大。相关分析表明,土壤各粒级复合体中有机磷和速效磷均与全磷呈极显著正相关(r=0.9180**,r=0.9621**)。