Chemical characteristics and potential source of fulvic acids leached from the plow layer of paddy soil

To understand better the chemical characteristics and source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from the plow layer of rice paddies, a lysimeter study was conducted, which simulated submerged paddy topsoil during rice growth. The fulvic acid (FA) fraction in the percolation water from the lysimeter was collected by adsorption onto insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the temporal variations in its elemental composition, molecular size distribution, IR spectra, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra, and δ¹³C values were investigated. The proportion of the FA fraction to bulk DOM varied greatly, but the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction did not change appreciably during the experimental period. Thus, it is considered that the changes in the DOM composition in percolation water were mainly due to the differing contributions of the FA fraction. Further, to investigate the source of the FA fraction in the leachate, the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction in the leachate were compared with those extracted from the plow layer soil. A sequential extraction of the FA fraction was conducted using a sequence of water, 0.25 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5), and NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5). It was found that the water- and 0.25 M Na₂SO₄-extractable fractions, which were most mobile, were not the only source of the FA fraction in the leachate. The small molecular size sub-fraction of the NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5)-extractable FAs, most of which are probably bound mainly to iron oxides, are considered to be another source of the FA fraction leached from the plow layer of paddy fields.     

γ-聚谷氨酸增效尿素的淋溶特性及肥效研究

[目的]研究γ-聚谷氨酸增效尿素的淋溶特性及肥料效果。[方法]以制备的γ-聚谷氨酸增效尿素和常规尿素为氮肥,通过淋溶试验和盆栽试验,测定其对氮素淋失和小白菜生长的影响。[结果]淋溶试验表明,γ-聚谷氨酸增效尿素能使氮素缓慢释放,减缓氮的流失。盆栽试验显示,γ-聚谷氨酸增效尿素能显著提高小白菜的单株鲜重、单株干重和根长,分别提高了33.6%、48.4%和23.1%;能提高小白菜对氮、磷、钾营养元素的累积,小白菜的氮、磷、钾含量分别提高了16.7%、12.0%和9.9%;能提高土壤的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量。[结论]γ-聚谷氨酸增效尿素的保肥效果和在小白菜上的应用效果显著,值得在小白菜种植中推广应用。     

由灌溉引起的黄土湿陷过程中碳酸钙行为研究

长期以来,有关黄土湿陷的研究一直忽视对碳酸钙行为的探讨。本研究利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDX)技术研究了黄土中碳酸钙的分布,通过室内模拟实验,探讨了由灌溉引起的黄土湿陷过程中碳酸钙的行为,初步得出以下结论:黄土颗粒间存在大量碳酸钙,在黄土湿陷过程中碳酸钙发生淋溶、移动损失,其中以移动损失为主,溶解损失相对较少。碳酸钙的移动损失量随透水量增加而增加,在下部土层发生聚集。     

竹炭包膜尿素的氮素释放规律和生物利用效果研究

利用竹炭和高分子聚合物为包膜材料，根据涂膜量不同制得BCCU1和BCCU2 2种竹炭包膜尿素，然后通过土壤淋溶试验、土壤氨挥发试验和盆栽试验研究了自制包膜尿素（BCCU）的氮素释放规律和生物利用效果。     

不同土壤结构改良剂处理的磷淋溶特性的研究

研究了水动力作用下磷素在土壤剖面中的垂直迁移特征,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)两种改良剂处理土壤后,能够促进土壤中磷素在水动力作用下沿土柱垂直向下迁移,不仅使土柱下层对应层次的速效磷含量高于对照,且使磷淋失量增加。PAM处理和CMC处理相比,更有利于磷素沿土柱向下迁移和淋失,促进磷素在土壤中的垂直移动     

Effect on water quality in irrigation reservoir due to application reduction of nitrogen fertilizer

Until 1997, tea farmers in the Makinohara district of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, applied around 1.2 ton/ha of nitrogen fertilizer per year to their tea fields. In general, uptake amount of nitrogen by tea plants is around 300–350 kg/ha. Then some part of the remainder of nitrogen fertilizer leach into ground water and flow out into the river. The other part of remainder of nitrogen fertilizer is accumulated in the soil layer. Following a recommendation by the local government, this amount was then gradually decreased to 660 kg/ha in 1999 and 540 kg/ha in 2000. Although nitrate nitrogen concentrations in local ground and river water have decreased, they remain high today. The river water runs off from a watershed in the Makinohara area and enters a small irrigation reservoir called Tanno Reservoir, where it has caused deterioration of the water quality, that is, acidification of the reservoir. In Japan, environmental standard for nitrate nitrogen is 10 mg/L in public water body and ground water. Here, the author developed the Water Quality Tank Model, and applied this model to investigate the nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the rivers and an irrigation reservoir called Tanno. The author applies these findings to demonstrate that nitrogen concentrations continue to remain high due to nitrogen accumulation in the soil layer, and that the amount accumulated would be reduced by a reduction in application. The simulation results demonstrate a small decrease in accumulation in the soil layer, and thus that the present high nitrate nitrogen concentrations will continue in ground, river and reservoir water will decrease only gradually.