塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土阳离子交换量分布特征及影响因素

【目的】研究塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土CEC的分布状况及影响因素。 了解不同类型盐土土壤特性及肥力状况,为新疆南疆干旱区盐土改良利用提供理论依据。【方法】以阿拉尔绿洲草甸盐土(MeS)、沼泽盐土(MaS)、残余盐土(ReS)、洪积盐土(PrS)、棕漠林盐土(DeS)5种典型盐土为对象,研究该流域不同类型盐土阳离子交换量(CEC)的剖面分布规律,分析盐土CEC的影响因素,并利用灰色关联法对盐土CEC与土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了量化。【结果】该区盐土CEC在2.02～25.54 cmol/kg,平均值为12.39 cmol/kg,CEC随剖面深度的变化规律各类型盐土有所不同,不同类型盐土CEC大小依次为MeS> ReS > DeS > PrS > MaS。粘粒是干旱区盐土CEC的主要来源;pH、CaCO₃、盐基总量(TEB)和碱化度(BSP)与盐土CEC呈极显著正相关,是盐土CEC的主要影响因素,其中CaCO₃对盐土CEC的贡献不容忽视;盐土有机质(SOM)含量极低,对盐土CEC未表现出显著性影响;交换性钙饱和度(CaSP)、交换性镁饱和度(MgSP)及交换性钾饱和度(KSP)对盐土CEC有显著的抑制作用。【结论】塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土CEC有显著差异,不同类型盐土保肥、供肥及缓冲性能不同。pH、CaCO₃、TEB和ESP是CEC主要贡献因子,SOM对盐土CEC无显著的影响。     

铁改性木本泥炭对镉砷复合污染稻田的修复效果研究

铁改性木本泥炭是一种新型环保有机类土壤调理剂,在稻田镉砷复合污染治理方面具有很大的应用潜力。为研究铁改性木本泥炭对稻田镉砷同步钝化效果的稳定性,在珠三角地区开展了三年的田间定位试验。结果表明:施加铁改性木本泥炭可显著降低稻米镉砷含量,下降率分别达到了41.3% ～ 57.6%和40.1%～55.8%;;可显著促进水稻增产,水稻单季撒施2 250 kg/hm~2铁改性木本泥炭,水稻增产810 ～1 125 kg/hm~2,增产率为14.3% ～18.4%;土壤的有效态镉和有效态砷含量同步降低,下降率分别为25.8% ～ 46.4%和42.6%～ 56.1%。而单施木本泥炭仅对稻米镉的吸收积累表现出较好的抑制作用,单施铁粉仅抑制了稻米砷的积累。此外,施加铁改性木本泥炭后,土壤pH提高了0.33 ～ 0.44个单位,有机质增加了2.1 ～ 3.3 g/kg,阳离子交换能力(CEC)提高了1.0～2.6 cmol/kg。这表明铁改性木本泥炭可以有效改善土壤的理化性质。对比2016—2018三年(六季)铁改性木本泥炭修复稻田镉砷复合污染效果发现,3年间早稻稻米镉砷含量下降率、产量增幅的年际差异均较小,晚稻亦然,表明铁改性木本泥炭可以稳定地抑制稻米镉砷积累、提高稻米产量。     

稻壳炭对红壤理化特性及芥菜生长的影响

本文探讨了不同热解温度制备的稻壳炭的基本性质,并通过盆栽试验研究了500℃热解稻壳炭添加量对南方红壤理化性质和芥菜产量的影响。结果表明:稻壳炭添加量3%、5%和10%三个处理显著改善了红壤的理化性质,土壤体积质量较对照处理依次降低0.11、0.28和0.42 g/cm~3,p H由4.5分别增加到7.5、7.8、8.4,CEC依次增加52.16%、187.02%和214.35%,土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾显著增加,但稻壳炭添加量10%处理的土壤碱解氮含量降低。稻壳炭对芥菜的养分含量、产量等指标影响较为显著,随着施炭量的增加,芥菜的生物量增加,叶片全氮从1.63 g/kg增加到2.44 g/kg,全磷从2.32 g/kg增加到3.09 g/kg,全钾从47.1 g/kg增加到56.7 g/kg,产量由108.37 g/盆增加到608.7 g/盆。总之,添加5%的500℃热解稻壳炭有效改善了酸度较强的红壤的理化性质,促进了芥菜的生长和增收以及对氮磷钾养分的吸收和储存。在红壤改良上,稻壳炭的最佳添加比例为5%。     

Changes in soil chemistry associated with the establishment of forest gardens on eroded,acidified grassland soils in Sri Lanka

Topsoil properties were determined in forest gardens established about 20 years ago on eroded grassland soils (abandoned tea lands) in the wet zone of the Sri Lankan highlands. They were compared with adjacent, eroded grasslands (abandoned tea lands) on strongly weathered soils vs soils at earlier stages of pedogenic development in a two-way analysis of variance. Soil pH in forest gardens was, on average, 6.1, nearly one unit higher than in the adjacent grasslands. In the garden soils, the cation exchange capacity (CEC measured at pH 4.8) was nearly double, exchangeable calcium concentrations five times and exchangeable magnesium three times as high as in the grasslands soils. Total soil N content was found to be nearly 40% higher in the gardens. Topsoil gravel contents in the gardens were less than half as high as in the grasslands. The increases in exchangeable bases and N in gardens, relative to grasslands, were attributed to increased nutrient retention and acquisition. Higher retention was partly due to the higher CEC_pH4.8, and probably to reduced erosion and increased, continuous fine root density in the garden topsoils. Higher field CEC in gardens was likely to result from generally higher C contents and from the reversal of acidification, presumably caused by base accumulation and decomposition processes. Our results suggest that forest garden establishment on degraded grasslands can lead to accumulation of mobile nutrients in the topsoil, probably due to increased nutrient retention, subsoil uptake and litter input exceeding nutrient uptake by the standing biomass.     

Assessment of sugar maple tree growth in relation to the partitioning of elements in xylem along a soil acidity gradient

Partitioning of elements in tree xylem is being increasingly studied, as it suggests that elements are potentially mobile within the xylem long after their uptake. A recent study revealed that only the most mobile xylem fraction (water-soluble) of base cations (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]) increased at higher soil acidity, while the two mobile fractions (water- and acid-soluble) of acidic metals—potentially phytotoxic aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn)—were significantly enhanced on very acid soils. The current paper presents an investigation of soil-wood chemistry relationships with basal area tree growth. It was hypothesized that the growth of sugar maple would be reduced by low base cation and high acidic metal concentrations in the xylem mobile fractions. Sugar maple trees (n = 55) from six watersheds in southern Quebec, Canada were analysed by sequential chemical extractions for the water-soluble, acid-soluble and residual fractions of base cations (Ca, K, Mg) and acidic metals (Al, Cd, Mn) in xylem. Generally, tree growth was positively correlated to concentrations of base cations in wood (ρ = 0.27-0.50) and soil (ρ = 0.41-0.67), and negatively correlated to concentrations of acidic metals in wood (ρ = −0.33 to −0.52) and soil (ρ = −0.67). However, these relations differed depending on the element fraction considered. Water- and acid-soluble xylem concentrations of base cations and Al were among the best predictors of growth trends (R² = 0.46-0.51). The relationship between acidic metals and tree growth is further discussed.     

粤西砖红壤的镁素状况及其有效性

研究结果表明,粤西砖红壤的全镁含量普遍较低,玄武岩和花岗岩发育的土壤,全镁含量多在0.2％以下,浅海沉积物发育的土壤,全镁不足0.1％,玄武岩发育的土壤,交换性镁较丰,表土含量均在100ppm以上,镁饱和度较高;浅海沉积物和花岗岩发育的土壤,交换性镁贫缺,表土平均含量分别为16.7和14.7ppm,镁饱和度大都极低.土壤供镁能力的强弱依次是:玄武岩发育的砖红壤>浅海沉积物发育的砖红壤>花岗岩发育的砖红壤。交换性镁及镁饱和度与牧草的相对产量、吸镁量以及玉米小苗的含镁量、吸镁量的相关性达显著或极显著水平。据此初步认为可用作土壤镁素诊断指标。酸深性镁的有效性也较高,但因其释放速度较慢,不宜作为诊断指标,可用以评价土壤有效镁的补充能力。     

有机质与粘粒复合对土壤阳离子交换量的贡献

对棕壤、黄棕壤、黄褐土和(土娄)土344个样品阳离子交换量(CEC)与有机质、粘粒用方程y(CEC)=b_0+b_1χ_1(粘粒％)+b_2χ_3(有机质％)+b_3χ_1χ_2进行回归分析表明,在粘粒与有机质数量比为3～16(平均为8左右接近有机质与粘粒CEC之比)时,有机粘粒复合显著影响土壤CEC,且复合消耗有机质与粘粒总交换点的数量分别为41.8％,26.7％,31.9％和19.8％。     

红壤丘岗地区不同种植模式下土壤肥力状况的研究

对湘南红壤丘岗区不同种植模式下的土壤进行了野外调查和室内分析,研究了其酸性和交换性以及大、中、微量养分含量状况.结果表明:柑橘套种西瓜(A1)和西瓜单作(C1)两种种植模式下土壤的交换性酸和交换性Al3+低于其他模式,而CEC、ECEC和盐基饱和度高于其他模式,说明二者的潜性酸也低于其他模式的,保肥能力强于其他模式;柑橘套种西瓜(A1)和西瓜单作(C1)两种种植模式土壤的有机质和大量养分含量高于其他模式;柑橘套种油菜(A4)和西瓜单作(C1)两种种植模式下土壤的绝大部分中微量养分含量高于其他模式的.     

秸秆和生物质炭对苹果园土壤容重、阳离子 交换量和氮素利用的影响

【目的】中国苹果园土壤有机碳含量较低,氮肥施用量偏高。本研究为苹果生产上合理应用秸秆和生物质炭来提高土壤缓冲性能和氮肥利用效率提供依据。【方法】以两年生富士/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N标记示踪技术,研究添加秸秆和生物质炭对土壤容重、阳离子交换量、植株生长及氮素转化（树体吸收、氨挥发、N2O排放和土壤残留）的影响。试验共设4个处理：对照（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、施用氮肥并添加生物质炭（N+B）和施用氮肥并添加秸秆(N+S)。【结果】不同处理的土壤容重在0-5 cm和5-10 cm两个土层中的变化趋势一致。CK与N处理间差异不显著,但均显著高于N+B和N+S处理;两个添加外源碳的处理间,N+B处理的土壤容重显著低于N+S处理。与N处理相比,N+S和N+B处理的0-5 cm和5-10 cm两个土层的容重分别降低了0.06、0.09 g•cm-3和0.07、0.11 g•cm-3。与CK（18.32 cmol•kg-1）和N（19.61 cmol•kg-1）处理相比,N+S（22.27 cmol•kg-1）和N+B处理（25.35 cmol•kg-1）显著提高了0-10 cm土层土壤阳离子交换量,并且以N+B处理效果较好。3个施氮处理间植株总干重、15N积累量和15N利用率均以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低。与CK相比,3个施氮处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的氨挥发量均显著增加。与N处理相比,添加外源碳的两个处理（N+S和N+B处理）显著减少了氨挥发损失量,以N+B处理减少幅度最大。与CK相比,3个施N处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的N2O排放量均显著增加,以N+B处理最高,其次为N+S处理,N处理最低,可见添加外源碳的两个处理的N2O排放量均有所增加,但3个施氮处理间差异不显著。去掉CK本底值后,N、N+S和N+B处理的氮素总气态损失量（氨挥发+N2O排放）占施氮量的比例分别为6.54%、4.33%和3.04%。可见,添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了氮素气态损失,以N+B处理效果较好。耕层土壤（0-50 cm）的15N残留量以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低;而深层土壤（50-100 cm）则以N处理最高,N+S处理次之,N+B处理最低。3个施氮处理间,N回收率（树体吸收+土壤残留）以N+B处理最高,为42.26%,其次为N+S处理（37.22%）,N处理最低（31.54%）;N损失率以N处理最高,为68.46%。其次为N+S处理（62.78%）,N+B处理最低（57.74%）。【结论】添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤阳离子交换量,促进了苹果植株生长和对肥料氮的吸收,增加了土壤对氮的固定,减少了氮肥的气态损失,提高了氮肥利用率,其中以添加生物质炭的效果较好。