1960～2010年宜良县降雨量和蒸发量变化特征分析

利用宜良县1960～2010年的年降水量和小型蒸发量资料,采用线性趋势、干燥度等统计学方法,分析近51年宜良县降雨量和蒸发量的变化特征.结果表明,1960～ 2010年宜良县降雨量和蒸发量均在逐年减小,特别是21世纪以来降雨量和蒸发量均减少,可利用水资源较少.宜良县降雨主要集中在5～10月,蒸发主要集中在3～9月,其中3～5月降雨量较少,而蒸发对水的消耗比较明显,气候比较干燥,容易发生春旱;10 ～11月蒸发对水的消耗比较小,而这个阶段降水也比较少,也容易发生秋旱.     

黄土丘陵半干旱区枣林露水量研究

利用2012年和2013年叶片湿度传感器(LWS)、温湿度仪、热扩散式探针(TDP)、中子仪实测的露水强度、冠层温湿度、树干径流、土壤水分及气象站监测的气象因子,分析了枣林生育期内露水量的变化规律,探讨了其与水资源输入、输出项的关系。研究结果表明,2012年和2013年枣林露水量随生育期变化呈现递增趋势,果实成熟期达到最大值。露水总量分别为31.31、37.87 mm,分别占同期降水量、蒸腾量和蒸发量的6.87%、10.00%、17.65%和7.90%、15.00%、17.90%,露水量日平均值分别达0.44、0.47 mm。此外,露水量具有发生频率高、稳定性强、重度露水量(大于0.20 mm)比重大的特点。在枣树全生育期内,露水量作为水资源输入项会引起蒸腾量在果实膨大和成熟期显著降低(P0.05),但对蒸发量无显著影响。研究显示露水是该区枣林重要水源,是水量平衡中不可缺少的输入项。     

甘肃秦王川灌区土壤盐分特征及次生盐渍化预测

在秦王川灌区水文地质条件和土壤盐分含量特征调查研究的基础上,采用有限差分法建立了预测模型,对灌溉实施后1～5年间地下水位及其埋深变化进行了预测。结果表明,地下水位呈普遍抬升趋势,可导致约2000ha土地产生次生盐渍化。如果不及时采取防治措施,土壤次生盐渍化面积还会进一步扩大。     

Estimating reference evapotranspiration with atmometers in a semiarid environment

Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) estimations require accurate measurements of meteorological variables (solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) which are not available in many countries of the world. Alternative approaches are the use of Class A pan evaporimeters and atmometers, which have several advantages compared to meteorological stations: they are simple, inexpensive and provide a visual interpretation of ET₀. The objectives of the study were to compare the evaporation from atmometers (ET_gage) with the evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (ET_0PM) and to evaluate the variability between three modified atmometers of a commercial model. Comparison between daily ET_gage measured by the atmometer and ET_0PM showed a good correlation. However, ET_gage underestimated ET_0PM by approximately 9%. Differences between ET_gage and ET_0PM ranged from −2.4 to 2.2 mm d⁻¹ while the mean bias error was −0.41 mm d⁻¹. Underestimations occurred more frequently on days with low maximum temperatures and high wind speeds. On the contrary, atmometer overestimations occurred on days with high maximum temperatures and low wind speeds. Estimates of ET₀ using the atmometer appeared to be more accurate under non-windy conditions and moderate temperatures as well as under windy conditions and high temperatures. Atmometers 2 and 3 overestimated the evaporated water by atmometer 1 with a maximum variability of cumulative water losses of 4.5%. A temperature-based calibration was performed to improve the atmometer accuracy, using maximum temperature as an independent variable, with good results.     

Effects of hysteresis on redistribution of soil moisture and deep percolation at continuous and pulse drip irrigation

The infiltration and redistribution of soil moisture under surface drip irrigation considering hysteresis were investigated in two soils (loamy sand and silt loam) of different texture. The effect of continuous versus intermittent application of 1, 2 and 4 l/h to the soils was evaluated in terms of wetting front advance patterns and deep percolation under the root zone. For this purpose, a cylindrical flow model incorporating hysteresis in the soil water retention characteristic curve, evaporation from the soil surface, and water extraction by roots was used. The results show that, compared with continuous irrigation, pulse irrigation slightly reduces the water losses under the root zone in both cases (with and without hysteresis). Also, at the total simulation time, in both types of irrigation, hysteresis reduces significantly the water losses under the root zone. Finally, the effect of hysteresis was found to be greater at higher discharge rate (4 l/h) and consequently at higher water content at the soil surface.     

A discussion on and alternative to the Penman-Monteith equation

The Penman-Monteith (PMe) equation that estimates evaporation from leaf/canopy surfaces is based on a few approximations. Several authors discussed ensuing errors and suggested improvements. This paper reminds those discussions which ended in the early nineties. It compares linearized PMe− with non-linear iterative solutions and illustrates resulting deviations. It differentiates between deviations for daily and hourly evaporation rate estimates. The latter are found to be higher. It also demonstrates deviations obtained at two different altitudes above sea level. Considering present tendencies to refine evaporation estimates for practical purposes and making use of easily available methods for solving non-linear equations this paper offers a new method to estimate evaporation.In a first step, a simple algebraic term, the surface temperature control sum, is introduced to find approximate differences between air and evaporating surface (leaf, canopy) temperatures. It suggests to concentrate research on the r_s/r_a ratio. A new formula is derived for estimating leaf/canopy surface temperatures for non-water stressed plants.In a second step, the estimates of temperature differences are used to calculate evaporation estimates. This two-step approximation leads to appreciably smaller errors as compared to the PMe-solution over the full range of input parameters of agro-meteorological relevance. It is, however, less accurate than some of methods proposed in literature. The method is meant for practical application in agricultural water management.     

单株平衡法的建立

单株平衡法的建立孙长忠，黄宝龙（西北林学院林学系杨陵７１２１００）（南京林业大学南京２１００３７）关键词黄土高原，蒸腾量，蒸发量，单株平衡法，单株平衡方程，蒸发偏量在黄土高原地区，水分因素对植物生长及生存具有强烈的限制作用。研究植物生长与环境水分条件...     

考虑空气影响的干旱区土壤水分运移模式研究

在前人研究的基础上,根据石河子垦区的实际情况,确定模型特定的边界条件及参数,建立适合该区的包气带-饱和带水、气二相流的质热传输模型,模拟土壤水分、温度的动态变化,并利用实测土壤温度、土壤含水率数据进行模型检验。结果表明:模拟的土壤温度和含水率能够较好地反映实测值的变化规律,各土层模拟精度评价指标表明考虑空气影响的模拟结果更接近实测结果。对于9.7 mm日降水量的入渗深度,耦合模型可影响20 cm深土壤含水率,单相模型可影响到30 cm深左右。降水当日考虑空气模拟的蒸发速率比不考虑空气模拟的蒸发速率大7.7%;降水后1 d,不考虑空气影响导致蒸发速率比考虑空气的小3.19%。计算模拟期2种模型土壤总蒸发量,相差不大。根据2种模型水量平衡分析结果对比蒸发量的计算值与模拟值,发现考虑空气影响的模型模拟结果更可靠。     

昌邑近50年蒸发量的变化对盐业生产的影响

采用昌邑1961～2010年气象资料,对蒸发量的年、季、月变化特征进行较全面的分析。结果表明,近50年来昌邑年际间蒸发量值的变化呈减少的趋势,下降趋势较明显;各季蒸发量均与年蒸发量的变化趋势一致,但变化幅度不同,其中春季最大,夏季最小;各季蒸发量年际、年代际振荡特征明显;其中盐业生产黄金期的蒸发量也呈现减少的趋势,进入90年代以后,下降趋势有所减缓。     

基于MCGS的马铃薯淀粉废水蒸发回收工艺的上位机监控系统设计

介绍MCGS工控组态软件的系统结构和功能,并结合宁夏南部山区马铃薯淀粉生产废水处理工艺,构建了其上位机监控系统,扩展了MCGS的应用领域。