Alfalfa Phytoestrogen Content: Impact of Plant Maturity and Herbage Components

Legumes contain a range of non‐nutritional phytochemicals that may have health‐promoting effects in humans. In this study, we determined the concentrations of four phytoestrogens (coumestrol, apigenin, luteolin and quercetin) in field‐grown alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Differences between plants of different stages of maturity, between plant parts, and different canopy segments were assessed. The concentration of individual phytoestrogen in whole herbage varied between 15 and 225 μg g^?1 dry matter (DM) and was strongly affected by stage of maturity. Coumestrol and apigenin concentrations were highest at early vegetative stages, luteolin and quercetin at early vegetative and late flowering stages. All phytoestrogens were found in lowest concentrations at the early flowering stage (average 68 μg g^?1 DM); stage at which alfalfa is usually harvested when used as a forage source for animals. At vegetative stages, apigenin was the predominant phytoestrogen in herbage followed by coumestrol, the reverse being observed upon initiation of flowering; luteolin and quercetin were found at all stages in similarly lower concentrations. Concentrations of luteolin, quercetin and apigenin were 225, 410 and 690 % greater, respectively, in flowers than in leaves or stems; coumestrol concentration was similar between plant parts. In flowers and stems the predominant phytoestrogens were apigenin and quercetin, followed by coumestrol and luteolin. Similar concentrations (average 26 μg g^?1 DM) of each of the four phytoestrogens were found in leaves. Concentrations through the herbage canopy varied and were greatest at >60 cm from the soil surface for apigenin and coumestrol, but greatest at >60 and 0–20 cm for quercetin and at 0–20 cm for luteolin. The results suggest that if alfalfa is to be used as a source of phytoestrogens and is harvested for the production of herbal supplements or nutraceuticals, management will need to be adapted.     

Effects of in ovo injection of chrysin,quercetin and ascorbic acid on hatchability,somatic attributes,hepatic oxidative status and early post‐hatch performance of broiler chicks

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of chrysin, quercetin and ascorbic acid on hatchability, somatic attributes, hepatic antioxidant status and early post‐hatch growth performance of broiler chicks. Four hundred and eighty embryonated broiler breeder eggs containing live 18‐day‐old embryos were divided into six groups of 80 eggs each. One group remained intact and served as a control group (i), whereas the other five groups were injected with the prepared injection solutions as follows: (ii) 0.05 ml distilled water; (iii) 0.05 ml distilled water containing 6 mg ascorbic acid; (iv) 0.05 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); (v) 0.05 ml DMSO containing 4.5 mg quercetin; and (vi) 0.05 ml DMSO containing 4.5 mg chrysin. The hatchability rate, hatching weight, residual yolk sac weight, yolk sac‐free body weight, liver weight, hepatic glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase activities, as well as malondialdehyde concentrations, were not affected by the injected solutions. There were no differences between chicks hatched from the control and in ovo injected eggs in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio from 0 to 11 days of age. However, the specific contrast performed between the in ovo injected groups and intact eggs revealed that in ovo injection significantly increased hatchability rate (p = .0493). This finding also implies that our injection procedure was harmless. In conclusion, the intra‐egg injection of chrysin, quercetin or ascorbic acid at the injection rates used in this study did not have a significant effect on hatchability, somatic characteristics, early growth performance and hepatic antioxidant status of broiler chicks. However, the overall hatchability was higher in the in ovo injected eggs as compared to non‐injected ones. These findings also confirmed the harmlessness of the procedure developed for in ovo injection in this study.     

TLC—UV法测定银杏叶中槲皮素的含量

建立了银杏叶黄酮类成分槲皮素的薄支析测定方法，分析条件：硅胶ＧＦ２５４薄层，展开剂为苯－醋酸乙酯－丙酮－甲酸（１０：８：２：１，体积比），无水乙醇作解吸溶剂，吸光度检测波长３６０ｎｍ。结果表明：该法精确、重现性好和线性范围宽。     

槲皮素对PEDV感染幼龄仔猪的生长性能、血液生化指标和肠道吸收与屏障功能的影响

【目的】 试验旨在探讨槲皮素在防治仔猪感染猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）中的作用。【方法】 选取18头体重相近、健康的7日龄仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为3组（对照组、PEDV组和PEDV+槲皮素组）,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,试验期共11 d。经过3 d适应期后,于试验第4~10天给PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪口腔灌服10 mg/kg BW的槲皮素,其他组仔猪口腔灌服等体积的人工乳,于试验第8天给PEDV组与PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪口腔灌服1×10^4.5TCID₅₀的PEDV,对照组灌服等体积的PBS溶液。试验第11天早上空腹称重,全部仔猪灌服D-木糖（0.1 g/kg BW）,1 h后经前腔静脉采血,检测血液生化指标、血浆二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性和D-木糖含量;将所有仔猪屠宰取空肠黏膜,检测肠道屏障相关基因,包括肠绒毛蛋白（villin）,紧密连接蛋白-1（claudin-1）,闭合蛋白（occludin）和肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白（iFABP）的相对表达量。【结果】 与对照组相比,PEDV组仔猪平均日增重显著下降（P<0.05）,粪便评分显著升高（P<0.05）;血液中高密度脂蛋白含量显著降低（P<0.05）,肌酐和尿素氮的含量显著提高（P<0.05）;血浆中D-木糖含量显著降低（P<0.05）;空肠claudin-1、iFABP基因的相对表达量显著下调（P<0.05）。与PEDV组相比,PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪平均日增重和血浆D-木糖含量显著升高（P<0.05）;血液中肌酐和尿素氮的含量显著降低（P<0.05）;空肠claudin-1、villin和iFABP基因的相对表达量显著上调（P<0.05）。【结论】 10 mg/kg BW槲皮素可在一定程度上缓解PEDV感染导致的仔猪生长抑制和肾功能损伤,增强肠道吸收与屏障功能。     

槲皮素对PEDV感染幼龄仔猪肠道形态、抗氧化功能及空肠脂质代谢基因表达的影响

【目的】 通过研究槲皮素对猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）感染仔猪肠道形态、肠道抗氧化功能及空肠脂质代谢相关基因相对表达量的影响,旨在探讨槲皮素对PEDV感染仔猪肠道的保护作用。【方法】 选取18头健康的7日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为3组：对照组、PEDV组和槲皮素＋PEDV组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期8 d,于试验第0~7天,对槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪每天口腔灌服10 mg/kg BW的槲皮素,其余组灌服等体积的人工奶。于试验第5天晚上给PEDV组和槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪口腔灌服10^4.5TCID₅₀的PEDV,对照组仔猪灌服相同体积的PBS溶液。于试验第8天早上屠宰,取仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠及结肠组织样品进行检测。【结果】 与对照组相比,PEDV组仔猪空肠和回肠的绒毛高度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值极显著降低（P<0.01）,空肠、回肠和结肠中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）的活力显著降低（P<0.05）,十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠中过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力显著降低（P<0.05）,回肠和结肠中丙二醛（MDA）的含量显著升高（P<0.05）,空肠中载脂蛋白A1（APOA1）、载脂蛋白B （APOB）、载脂蛋白C2（APOC2）、脂肪酸结合蛋白2（FABP2）、酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员3（ACSL-3）和脂肪酸合酶（FASN）基因的相对表达量极显著下调（P<0.01）。与PEDV组相比,槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪空肠和回肠的绒毛高度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值极显著提高（P<0.01）,空肠、回肠和结肠中GSH-Px和T-SOD的活力显著提高（P<0.05）,十二指肠、空肠和结肠中CAT的活力显著提高（P<0.05）,回肠和结肠中MDA的含量显著降低（P<0.05）,空肠中APOB、FABP2和FASN基因的相对表达量极显著上调（P<0.01）。【结论】 添加槲皮素可有效缓解PEDV感染导致的仔猪肠道损伤,提高仔猪肠道抗氧化能力以及空肠脂质代谢的能力。     

槐花米抗氧化成分的提取及其活性研究

用75%乙醇提取了槐花米中具有抗氧化活性的粗提物,然后通过碱提酸沉法从该粗提物中提取了芦丁,并制备了芦丁的水解产物槲皮素。采用磷钼酸盐法测定了不同质量浓度的粗提物、芦丁和槲皮素的抗氧化活性,并与BHT、VC的抗氧化活性进行了比较。结果表明,抗氧化性强弱顺序为:VC>槲皮素>芦丁>粗提物>BHT。     

甜地丁中槲皮素的薄层鉴别和含量测定

为完善甜地丁质量标准,采用薄层色谱法对甜地丁中槲皮素的鉴别进行了研究,并用高效液相色谱法测定其含量。薄层色谱以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（7：5：0．5）为展开剂,高效液相法色谱柱为C18（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0．3％磷酸溶液（50：50）,检测波长为360nm,流速1mL／min,柱温25℃,进样量10μL。结果表明薄层色谱法能对槲皮素实现有效分离,高效液相色谱法槲皮素进样浓度在5。100μg／mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=O．9997）;样品平均回收率为96．1％（n=6）,RSD为0．7％。本方法为进一步控制甜地丁的质量提供了依据。     

槲皮素对运动训练大鼠能源物质代谢的影响

以跑台训练建立动物模型,通过测定运动训练大鼠血糖、血浆游离脂肪酸(FFA)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血清胰高血糖素、生长激素含量和大鼠力竭运动时间,评价抗氧化剂槲皮素对运动大鼠运动能力的影响。结果表明,服用槲皮素后大鼠力竭运动时间明显延长,力竭即刻,槲皮素力竭组较力竭对照组大鼠BUN含量显著降低,而血糖、血浆FFA、血清胰高血糖素、生长激素含量显著提高。提示槲皮素可通过影响激素分泌,促进脂肪动员而保持血糖、BUN含量的相对稳定,从而提高大鼠的运动能力,槲皮素可作为一种运动保健品开发利用。     

高效液相色谱法测定银杏叶保健饮料中槲皮素的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定银杏叶保健饮料中槲皮素的含量,用YWG-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm i.d, 10 μm)色谱柱分离,以V(甲醇):V(磷酸)=55:45(其中φ(磷酸)＝0.004)作流动相,于254 nm波长处检测. 结果表明,样品添加对照品的回收率在93.5%～101.0%之间,变异系数为3.38%,定量测定下限为0.32 mg/L.     

加工方式对传统荞麦制品芦丁含量及功能特性的影响

为了分析不同加工方式对传统荞麦制品营养成分含量及功能特性的影响。利用高效液相色谱法测定了蒸、煮、烙、油炸和发酵等加工方式所得传统荞麦制品中的芦丁、槲皮素含量,对其制品的抗氧化能力进行了比较。结果表明,荞麦面粉加水调制成面团时,芦丁结构发生了变化,生成了槲皮素;传统荞麦制品中,槲皮素含量远高于芦丁含量;不同加工方式对芦丁和槲皮素含量的影响不同,发酵对荞麦中芦丁、槲皮素的影响最大(苦荞面粉中的芦丁含量为6869.1 mg/kg,槲皮素未捡出;而苦荞醋中的芦丁含量为19.8 mg/kg,槲皮素含量为29.2 mg/kg),油炸次之,煮制对芦丁、槲皮素的影响最小;不同加工方式所得苦荞制品的甲醇提取物均具有一定的抗氧化能力,其中发酵制品的抗氧化能力最强,而油炸制品最弱。此结果提示人们在加工荞麦制品时,应尽量避免采用加热温度较高的烙制和油炸,可多采用煮制加工,以减少对荞麦制品品质的影响,同时应重视苦荞醋的研究与开发。