早生桑品种育151、育237的育成

采用杂交方法育成早生桑品种育151、育237,具有发芽早、产叶量高,叶质较优、抗黄化型萎缩病较强等特性,发芽期比早青桑捉早2-3天.比湖桑32号早8天左右.产叶量提高6-41%.     

Characteristics of grain quality and starch fine structure of japonica rice kernels following preharvest sprouting

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most serious defects that impacts rice production and grain quality. Knowledge about the effects of PHS on the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of milled rice is limited. Here, we selected four japonica rice varieties to study the influences of PHS on grain quality. The results showed that PHS strongly led to poor grain appearance and the development of small starch granules whose surfaces were eroded. Analysis of starch fine structure revealed that PHS resulted in amylose (AM) degradation; in particular, PHS caused a decrease in the content of long AM chains. Moreover, PHS led to a decrease in the content of short amylopectin (AP) chains in the varieties Yandao 815 (YD815), Wuyugeng 27 (WY27) and Yangeng 13 (YG13), while the variety Sidao 785 (SD785) displayed the opposite trend. We propose that the main reasons for the decrease in starch crystallinity and the pasting profiles of the germinated rice were due to both the tendency of the AM content to decrease and the degree of this decrease in the content of the different AM chains along with changes in AP and other major components. All these changes caused by PHS led to a decrease in both ECQ and palatability of milled rice.     

油松短枝嫁接技术的研究(Ⅱ)

继油松短枝嫁接技术的研究(Ⅰ),讨论了提高短枝嫁接苗萌芽率的各种技术措施。促使短枝嫁接苗萌芽是提高成苗率的关键技术。采取综合措施成苗率可高达92％,这一技术已在油松良种基地建设中应用。     

Effect of temperature on bulb growth capacity and sensitivity to summer sprouting in Lilium longiflorum Thunb.

The production of Lilium longiflorum bulbs in The Netherlands, with its cool climate, has been a problem because of unsatisfactory bulb growth and the risk of premature sprouting of the daughter bulbs (summer sprouting). To investigate the possibilities of breeding a type of L. longiflorum that can be grown under cool climatic conditions, a collection of 27 L. longiflorum cultivars from Japan, The Netherlands and the United States was tested, together with two Asiatic hybrids and a L. speciosum cultivar, under low phytotron temperatures (10, 14, 17°C) and in field experiments.‘Mount Everest’, ‘Saeki’, ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘White American’ were among the best L. longiflorum cultivars, with less than 20% summer sprouting and good bulb production. This was in contrast to ‘Hinomoto’, ‘Ace’ and some American introductions, which showed more than 60% summer sprouting and low bulb production. The lower the phytotron temperature, the more summer sprouting occurred. The differences observed between the cultivars in the field experiments were in agreement with those observed in the phytotron. The genetic variation proved large enough to start a breeding program for L. longiflorum adapted to cool climate conditions.     

砒砂岩区沙棘定植株与萌蘖株生长指标间的关联分析

砒砂岩区为中国自然生态环境最为恶劣的地区之一。多年来的科学研究和生产实践均证明，沙棘为适应这一地区的最佳先锋植物。2～8a沙棘定植株的平均高、地径分别与萌蘖株高、冠幅间存在着较好的正相关关系；中等盖度（40％～70％）的沙棘人工林分，其萌蘖能力最高。生产实践中可充分利用沙棘萌蘖性能强的优势，有效降低种植密度，减少种植成本，实现砒砂岩区快速、经济、高效恢复植被的目的。     

杉木萌芽纯林与混交林生长量及经济效益的研究

在杉木林采伐迹地上,通过不炼山、套种火力楠与深山含笑,进行杉木萌芽纯林与混交林的对比试验,9a试验结果表明:混交林中杉木的平均胸径、树高、单株材积、地上部分单株生物量分别比杉木萌芽纯林增加4 04%、8 75%、16 3%、1 43%;混交林中火力楠和深山含笑生长良好,混交林总蓄积量和乔木层地上部分总生物量分别为杉木纯林的1 47倍和1 32倍;混交林的投入产出比高于杉木萌芽纯林,说明本模式是恢复和提高杉木连栽地土壤生产力的可行方法。     

杉木干基萌芽能力的遗传变异

分析了两片杉木子代林伐桩和杉木无性系采穗圃萌条数量的遗传变异情况。结果表明：杉木子代林伐桩萌条数量在产地间、产地内家系间及组合间均存在极显著差异，并有中等以上遗传力；遗传变异系数在３７％～３９％之间；产地的遗传方差分量与产地内家系间的相近。伐桩萌条数量与基径粗度的关系随伐桩年龄的变化而表现不一；不同砍伐季节伐桩萌条数量也存在较大差异。杉木无性系采穗圃无性系间有效萌条数量存在极显著差异，无性系的萌芽能力有较高的重复力。     

木荷种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG(6000)溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,研究木荷种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示:木荷种子的萌发率、幼苗生长及累积吸水率与PEG溶液的渗透势之间呈显著的负相关关系,但渗透势为-0.3~-0.6 MPa时,种子的萌发率比对照要高一些。在渗透势达到-1.8 MPa时,仍有少量种子(5.2%)能萌发,说明木荷种子具有一定的抗干旱胁迫能力。另外,经PEG处理后复水,种子的萌发率均高于对照的32.4%,提示PEG处理可以打破木荷种子的休眠现象。     

水稻穗发芽研究进展

作物收获前的穗发芽是一个严重的全球性农业生产问题。经过漫长的驯化过程,栽培作物的休眠 水平普遍低于野生祖先。尽管休眠期的缩短可能提高作物的繁殖代数和农业产值,但过早的休眠释放使作物在 成熟收获前发生穗萌发,造成巨大的经济损失。从穗发芽的生理基础、穗发芽相关 QTL 和基因、穗发芽防控及 展望等方面对水稻穗发芽现象进行梳理,认为高含水量是水稻种子萌发和穗发芽的先决条件,该过程中,淀粉 酶活性增强和可溶性糖含量升高为穗发芽提供能量,水稻籽粒中植物激素 ABA 和 GA 的含量及种子对二者的敏 感性是决定穗发芽的关键所在。近年来,穗发芽相关 QTL 及其功能基因的挖掘为阐明水稻穗萌机理以及培育穗 发芽抗性品种提供重要依据。从长远来看,广泛开展水稻种质资源鉴评,尤其在野生稻、地方品种中寻找丢失 的休眠基因,并通过分子育种途径聚集此类基因,培育抗穗萌品系（品种）,对于解决穗发芽问题、提高水稻 产量和品质、保证国家粮食安全具有重要意义。