氟乐灵处理后棉苗对枯萎病菌的抗侵入及抗扩展特性

 以1μg/g土的氟乐灵播前土壤处理,棉花出苗后移栽到无氟乐灵的土壤中并接种棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium axysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)。结果表明氟乐灵处理明显降低了棉苗枯萎病的株发病率和病情指数,提高了棉苗对枯萎病的抗病性。氟乐灵处理组棉苗根部和茎部枯萎病菌侵染率均低于对照组,特别是上部茎片段中处理组侵染率降低更为明显。氟乐灵处理组棉苗根部和茎部的菌量明显降低,而且处理组茎部菌量的增长明显滞后于对照。以上结果表明,病菌对氟乐灵处理棉苗根部的侵入和病菌在棉苗体内的纵向扩展及增殖受到了阻抑,因而氟乐灵处理后棉苗对枯萎病菌的抗性表现了抗侵入和抗扩展的特性。试验还证明,氟乐灵处理并接种病菌的棉苗茎部组织中类萜烯醛的含量明显提高;并产生一种能抑制病菌大型分生孢子萌发的真菌毒性物质。这些抑菌物质的产生和积累可能与抗扩展特性有关。     

Mechanism of micronuclei formation in polyploidizated cells of Allium cepa exposed to trifluralin herbicide

The trifluralin is an agent that promotes a cellular damage due to its direct action on the microtubules. This action leads to a decontrol in the cellular division, bringing about polyploid cells. In this work, we show the evidences that the exceeding genetical material of theses polyploidizated cells tends to be eliminated from the nucleus in the form of micronucleus. Our analyses prove this fact, both by the presence of a number of cells carrying micronucleus, and by the evidences of the elimination of the exceeding material itself, after exposition of the Allium cepa root tips tested with several concentration of trifluralin herbicide. It was noticed that the residual concentration induced a number of polyploid cells, micronuclei and mini cells. Inferences about the implications of the elimination of genetic material from micronuclei, such as cell viability and apoptosis, are also presented.     

谷子抗除草剂基因的发现及其应用

谷子田间除草一直是阻碍谷子产业化发展的主要因素之一。谷子抗除草剂品种的出现,解决了谷子田间除草难的问题,有利于谷子大面积的栽培,使谷子产业化发展成为可能。本文围绕谷子抗除草剂基因的发现、类型和机理以及抗除草剂品种在谷子生产中的应用情况等方面进行阐述,探讨谷子抗除草剂应用对环境的影响,并对谷子抗除草剂研究中存在的问题及应用前景进行了展望。     

氟乐灵在辣椒离体组织染色体加倍上的应用研究

[目的]为摸索一条更有效、更简便、更经济的辣椒四倍体诱导途径。[方法]以辣椒品种兴蔬201为试材,采用辣椒子叶离体组织培养技术,将分化出来的丛生芽使用抗微管除草剂氟乐灵（Trifluralin）进行辣椒四倍体的诱导试验。[结果]当氟乐灵使用浓度为10、50、100mg/L,处理时间为12、24、48h时,所有供试材料均出现明显的根尖加粗现象。利用根尖压片和保卫细胞气孔面积分析发现,当氟乐灵使用浓度为50mg/L,处理时间为24h时,获得的加倍效果最好,诱导率达到26.5%。[结论]利用氟乐灵处理辣椒离体组织可能成为获得四倍体辣椒的有效途径之一。     

氟乐灵诱导甜瓜四倍体研究初探

氟乐灵是一种新型的具有染色体加倍功效的除草剂。该试验通过氟乐灵溶液处理刚刚发芽的甜瓜种子诱导四倍体,在室温条件下对甜瓜品种黄河蜜三号,以200,400,600倍浓度的氟乐灵溶液处理甜瓜种子4,6,8 h进行四倍体诱导试验,发现氟乐灵处理的根尖有明显的加粗现象。通过镜检,染色体计数法测定诱导率[1],结果表明,浓度为400倍的氟乐灵溶液处理露白的甜瓜种子8 h所获得的加倍效果最好,诱导率达到32.2%。试验结果表明,氟乐灵处理甜瓜种子可以成为获得四倍体甜瓜的有效途径之一,同时对其他作物的多倍体育种研究提供了参考依据。     

In vitro polyploidisation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helleborus</Emphasis> species

Helleborus species are members of the family of the Ranunculaceae. These popular perennials are all diploids (2n = 2x = 32). This study investigates polyploidy induction by different antimitotic agents. Colchicine, oryzalin and trifluralin were tested in vitro on shoots of Helleborus niger, H. orientalis and H. × nigercors. Furthermore the effect of the antimitotic agents on the viability and the multiplication rate of cultured plantlets were analyzed. Flow cytometry demonstrated that polyploidisation was genotype dependent: using H. niger, tetraploids were obtained using either oryzalin (3 μM) or trifluralin (3 or 10 μM), whereas for H. × nigercors only trifluralin (3 or 10 μM) induced polyploidisation. For H. orientalis neither treatment was effective to produce tetraploids or mixoploids. For these three species, colchicine (100 μM) was ineffective. The polyploidisation events in H. niger and H. × nigercors were confirmed by chromosome counts of mounted nuclei derived from root tips (2n = 4x = 64).     

斑节对虾幼体链壶菌病的防治试验

在斑节对虾无节幼体池前２～３小时用０．０１５～０．０２０ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度的亚甲基蓝或三氟乐灵作预防,１～２天后发现有链壶菌感染时再用０．０２０ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度的亚甲基蓝或０．０２０～０．０３０ｍｇ／浓度的三氟乐灵治疗。两种药物比较,三氟乐录能有效防治链壶菌病,其有效浓度为０．０２０～０．０５０ｍｇ／Ｌ;而亚甲基蓝在链壶菌感染不严重时才有效,若感染严重或无节幼体下池前未施药预防,待发病后再用药,治疗无效。     

Effect of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus epigaeus) on herbicide uptake by roots

 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi increase root uptake of P and other minerals, but their role in the uptake of herbicides has received far less attention. These experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the VAM fungus, Glomus epigaeus (Daniels and Trappe), on the absorption of atrazine and trifluralin by roots of corn and soybean. Atrazine uptake by excised corn-root segments was consistently increased by the VAM fungus, but VAM enhancement of atrazine uptake by soybeans was less than that observed for corn. Roots from corn grown for 8 weeks in the greenhouse prior to the experiment took up 25 pmol mm^–3 root, whereas non-mycorrhizal roots took up only 11 pmol mm^–3 root. Soybean and corn root uptake of trifluralin was also enhanced by VAM infection. Addition of P did not increase herbicide uptake by non-VAM plants. The direct role of VAM hyphae on atrazine uptake was demonstrated using a two-chamber system, where only the fungal hyphae had access to ¹⁴C-atrazine-treated soil. Hyphal systems of the fungus were able to remove and transfer ¹⁴C-atrazine residues from soil to corn plants, demonstrating direct uptake of the herbicide by the fungal hyphae. Received: 1 July 1998     

In vitro induction of tetraploids in ornamental <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ranunculus</Emphasis>

This study investigates the capacity of the antimitotic agents colchicine, oryzalin and trifluralin for inducing polyploidisation of Ranunculus asiaticus ‘Alfa’ in vitro shoots. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the optimal concentration of each antimitotic agent for polyploidisation. Trifluralin at a concentration of 2 μM resulted in the highest percentage of polyploidisation (27.5%), followed by a colchicine treatment of 200 μM, which induced 23.3% of polyploids. For oryzalin the highest percentage was achieved using a concentration of 1 μM. Different exposure periods were tested and turned out to be an important factor. The maximal exposure period tested (10 weeks) resulted in a significant increase in polyploidisation by oryzalin and trifluralin. In contrast, for colchicine (100 μM) exposure times of either 16 or 24 h did not significantly influence polyploidisation. Additionally the effect of the antimitotic agents on the viability was analysed. For colchicine no significant effect on the survival rate was observed, for trifluralin only a concentration of 10 μM affected viability whereas for oryzalin, concentration as well as exposure period were significant parameters. Flow cytometric data were confirmed by counting chromosomes in root tip cells.     

Role of mitotic inhibitors and genotype on chromosome doubling of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rosa</Emphasis>

Dinitroanilines represent a class of compounds that are widely used in herbicide formulations as they depolymerise plant microtubles, causing chromosome doubling. The potential of microtubule depolymerising herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and amiprophosmethyl (APM) for in vitro chromosome doubling of Rosa was studied. Five concentrations (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 μM) and three exposure periods (12, 24 and 48 h) for each of the compounds were compared. Oryzalin, trifluralin and APM were not significantly different in their ability to induce chromosome doubling of R. hybrida cv Iceberg. At concentration of 6 μM and exposure period of 24 h, chromosome doubling of R. hybrida cv Iceberg was not significantly different with each of the polyplodising agents. At higher concentration (24 μM) and longer exposure period (48 h), 66.7% and 62.5% chromosome doubling was achieved with APM and trifluralin, respectively. However, the application of 6 μM oryzalin to R. persica (2n = 2x), R. hybrida cv Iceberg (2n = 3x) and R. hybrida cv Akito (2n = 4x), resulted in 60.0%, 6.3% and 0% chromosome doubling, respectively, which suggest that chromosome doubling is genotype dependent and plants with lower ploidy level have a higher propensity for chromosome doubling. Flow cytometry results at 18 and 24 weeks after herbicide treatment, indicated that the best time to test the treated plants was after 24 weeks.