氟乐灵处理后棉苗对枯萎病菌的抗侵入及抗扩展特性

以1μg/g土的氟乐灵播前土壤处理,棉花出苗后移栽到无氟乐灵的土壤中并接种棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium axysporum f. sp. vasinfectum)。结果表明氟乐灵处理明显降低了棉苗枯萎病的株发病率和病情指数,提高了棉苗对枯萎病的抗病性。氟乐灵处理组棉苗根部和茎部枯萎病菌侵染率均低于对照组,特别是上部茎片段中处理组侵染率降低更为明显。氟乐灵处理组棉苗根部和茎部的菌量明显降低,而且处理组茎部菌量的增长明显滞后于对照。以上结果表明,病菌对氟乐灵处理棉苗根部的侵入和病菌在棉苗体内的纵向扩展及增殖受到了阻抑,因而氟乐灵处理后棉苗对枯萎病菌的抗性表现了抗侵入和抗扩展的特性。试验还证明,氟乐灵处理并接种病菌的棉苗茎部组织中类萜烯醛的含量明显提高;并产生一种能抑制病菌大型分生孢子萌发的真菌毒性物质。这些抑菌物质的产生和积累可能与抗扩展特性有关。     

儿茶素在棉苗对枯萎病抗性中的作用

 分析了枯萎病菌接种后棉苗组织内儿茶素含量的变化以及儿茶素对枯萎病菌及其多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性的影响。健康棉苗组织中儿茶素含量随着棉苗的生长而增加。枯萎病菌接种后,病苗组织中儿茶素含量显著高于健康对照,而且抗病品种棉苗儿茶素含量的增加明显高于感病品种。经氟乐灵预处理的棉苗接种枯萎病菌后,儿茶素含量增加更快,增幅更大。说明儿茶素是品种抗性和氟乐灵诱发棉苗对枯萎病诱导抗性的机理之一。儿茶素可抑制枯萎病菌的菌丝生长、产孢及孢子萌发,对培养液中病菌的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)有抑制作用。儿茶素化学制品及棉苗组织提取液经TLC分离后获得的含儿茶素组分提取液对初步纯化的PG活性有明显的抑制作用。这些结果表明:儿茶素可能通过抑制病菌的菌丝生长、产孢以及其PG活性而在棉花对枯萎病的抗病性中起到作用。     

氟乐灵诱发棉苗对棉枯萎病的诱导抗性及其机制

 从氟乐灵作播前处理的土壤中长出的棉苗,在出苗1周后移植到无氟乐灵土壤中人工接种棉花枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum),30天后棉苗枯萎病株发病率及病菌分离率明显低于对照,说明氟乐灵播前土壤处理可激发棉苗对棉枯萎病的诱导抗性。并证明:氟乐灵处理促进了棉苗组织内木质素的合成与积累;提高了苯丙氨酸解氨酶和过氧化物酶的活性;过氧化物酶同工酶出现了若干新的谱带。     

氟乐灵(Trifluralin)对棉花枯萎病的诱抗作用

 棉花感病品种种植在含氟乐灵除草剂(2ppm)的育苗土中,能明显诱发棉苗对棉枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vansinfectum)的抗性,抗病效果达70%。试验表明,该化合物无抑制棉枯萎病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的作用。经该化合物处理的棉苗受侵染率降低,病菌局限在子叶节以下。处理过的棉苗叶片蛋白图谱及薄层层析分析表明,氟乐灵除草剂诱发了棉苗产生新的抗菌物质。     

棉花枯萎病菌接种及粗毒素处理后棉苗维管束病理特征

 利用遗传背景一致而抗病性不同的岱16变异品系和抗病品种中12,研究了接种棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)及用枯萎病菌粗毒素处理后,棉苗维管束的病理变化。研究结果表明,接种枯萎病菌后,病株茎部导管及薄壁细胞中有枯萎菌丝存在。发病严重的感病品种原岱16有菌丝的导管数最多,抗病品种早熟岱16抗最少。所有品种中均出现胶状物或侵填体堵塞导管,这种现象在抗病品种中更为明显。病菌粗毒素处理后,棉苗茎及叶柄导管内也出现侵填体或胶状物堵塞导管,抗病品种茎部导管堵塞快。     

活性氧及膜脂过氧化与棉花对枯萎病抗性的关系

 萎病菌侵染后,抗病品种棉苗及经氟乐灵诱发处理产生对枯萎病诱导抗性的棉苗茎与根组织中,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量上升,膜系统中不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,表明有膜脂过氧化的发生,超氧阴离子(O₂^·)的产生速率、H₂O₂的积累水平及脂氧合酶(LOX)活性也明显增加,但超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无显著差异。与此相反,感病品种棉苗受侵后MDA含量、O₂^·产生速率、H₂O₂的积累及LOX酶活性增加幅度较小,SOD及CAT酶活性则明显上升,膜系统中不饱和脂肪酸含量仅有小幅度下降。氟乐灵播前土壤处理可诱发棉苗对枯萎病的诱导抗性,同时也增加了LOX酶活性及活性氧(O₂^·、H₂O₂)的积累。这些结果说明,枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗体内活性氧的积累、LOX酶活性的上升以及由此引起的膜脂过氧化,可能在棉苗对枯萎病的抗性中起作用。     

拟粗壮螺旋线虫对棉花的致病力及其与棉枯萎病的复合症

 温室测定结果:拟粗壮螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus pseudorobusius)接种量在每100cm³土壤100~1000条的条件下,接种30天后棉苗生长量比无线虫对照苗显著降低(P<0.05)。抗枯萎品种86-1在单接枯萎菌无线虫处理中不发生枯萎病,在枯萎菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum)接种量为每克土7.5×10⁵孢子和线虫(每100cm³±500~1000条)组合处理中发病,棉苗枯萎病情指数与线虫接种量之间呈正相关(γ=0.97)。田间试验结果表明:防治线虫和枯萎病复合症用薰蒸剂棉隆每m²8~14g处理土壤比用非薰蒸性杀线虫剂克百威(呋哺丹),丙线磷(益收宝)和克线磷的效果更好。     

氟乐灵等5种除草剂对棉花枯萎病发生及棉花抗病性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,研究了5种常用除草剂(氟乐灵、除草醚、丁草胺、扑草净和草甘膦)对棉花枯萎病发生及棉花抗病性的影响。结果表明:施用除草剂同时接种病原,氟乐灵播前土壤处理减轻了浙肖棉1号(感病)和中棉12号(抗病)棉花苗期枯萎病的发生;而其他4种除草剂则不同程度地促进了苗期枯萎病的发生。播前土壤药剂处理,出苗1周后接种病原,氟乐灵和除草醚提高了棉花对枯萎病的抗性,扑草净降低了棉花的扰病性,而草甘膦则不影响棉花的抗病性。     

定向筛选提高棉花抗枯萎病的病理学机制

以病圃定向筛选抗枯萎病大幅度提高的棉花材料和原感病品种为对象,研究接种枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum后抗、感材料的病理学变化。结果表明,二者在宏观病理学方面存在差异,感病品种接种7天开始显症,25天严重发病,整株维管束变色;抗病材料生长健康或只有轻微症状,维管束变色部位仅局限在子叶节以下。在细胞和组织病理学方面二者也存在差异,侵入前期,抗病材料被侵入细胞中有细胞壁加厚现象;侵入中期,病菌可通过表皮层侵入感病品种的薄壁组织,但只能到达抗病材料的皮层组织中;侵入后期,抗病材料中出现大量寄主细胞的降解物质或分泌物将菌丝包围,阻止病菌进一步扩展。抗病材料的抗侵入和抗扩展能力均较感病品种大幅度增强。     

AM真菌与西瓜枯萎病关系初探

 在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Gigaspora rosea Nicol.& Schenck、Glomusmosseae(Nicol.& Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe和Glomus versiforme(Karsten) Berch与西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum)的关系。结果表明,接种AM真菌能促进西瓜植株的生长发育,增加植株干重;显著减少根内和根围土壤中镰刀菌群体数量及其对根系的侵染率;降低枯萎病发病率和病情指数,从而减轻西瓜枯萎病的危害。接种F.oxysporum f. sp. niveum能降低AM真菌对西瓜的侵染率,并且AM真菌与镰刀菌的不同接种时间和顺序影响西瓜枯萎病的发生发展,证实AM真菌与镰刀菌存在竞争关系。另外,AM真菌对西瓜高感枯萎病品种的防治效果优于抗病品种,说明高感品种对菌根的依赖性较大。     

播前施用氟乐灵对棉花苗期病害及蕾期枯萎病的影响

田间试验在棉花苗病和枯萎病常年发病田进行。以１７５ｍｌ４８％氟乐灵乳油／６６６．７ｍ＾２的剂量处理苗床地表土，播种棉籽后以含氟乐灵（１．０－１．５ｍｇ有效成分／ｋｇ土）的土壤覆盖。以清水处理为对照，。结果表明Ｌ氟乐灵处理组的出苗率高于对照，苗前残废对比照降低，５２．９１％－７９．８０％。处理组苗床期立枯病和侄蛱贩发病率及死苗率显著降低，分别下降３０％和４２％左右；棉苗枯萎病的发病率及病情指明显低于     

大白菜软腐细菌对幼苗根系侵入和潜伏侵染的研究

 灭菌土用利福霉素抗性细菌(Ecc RL4)接种后,播种大白菜,幼芽的成苗率降低,且表现矮化和叶色变深的症状。用含利福霉素的改良肉汁胨培养基分离,可以从病苗中回收到病原细菌。组织中病原细菌的含量为10²-10⁷CFU/克不等。病菌可从萌发过程中的芽和整个幼苗期的根部侵入,侵入后,从整个生育期的幼苗直到收获后的菜株内均可回收到病原菌。不同器官的含菌量有显著差别,通常以茎与叶柄的含菌量为高,叶片以半功能叶含菌量为高,根表现不稳定。幼苗带菌率50-100%不等,且随生育期的延长而增高,在播种后第17天均达100%。检测带菌率和腐烂率时,采用了厌气富集技术和含利福霉素的培养基,大大提高了组织内病原细菌的检出率和分离的选择性。     

An ultrastructural study of the effect of metalaxyl on Phytophthora capsici infected stems of Capsicum annuum

Stems of pepper seedlings were inoculated with zoospores of Phytophthora capsici 18 h after a soil-drench with metalaxyl solution (5 μg ml^?1) or water. Infected stem tissues were examined by electron microscopy 24 h after inoculation. Compared with untreated controls, in which the fungal cells were generally normal in shape and ultrastructure, the most conspicuous effects of metalaxyl treatment on the fungal ultrastructure in the stem tissue were an abnormal shrinking of the fungal cell, a separation of the plasma membrane from the hyphal wall, a peculiar invagination and breakdown of the plasma membrane, the presence of vesicles in the invaginated spaces and within the damaged fungal cells, and an indistinct structure of cell organelles. In metalaxyl-treated stems, an electron-dense material was apposed in those sites of the host cell wall in most intimate contact with the fungal cell wall, indicating that the deposition of these substances from the host cell walls may function as a plant defence reaction to the fungus, whereas in untreated controls, the dark-stained host cytoplasm did not aggregate around the sites of fungal contact. The haustorium was encased by the extra-haustorial matrix in treated stems. These results suggest that metalaxyl treatment not only changes the fine structure of P. capsici, but may also induce the plant defence reaction.     

水稻白叶枯病菌毒素对水稻不育系珍汕97A的专化毒性

 采用乙酸乙酯法提取对珍汕97不育胞质具有专化毒性的白叶枯病菌AH28、GX50和非专化毒性的OS14菌株的毒素。以不同浓度的毒素处理珍汕97不育系和保持系的种子或幼苗,可引起水稻叶片褪绿和细胞坏死,产生与接种病菌相似的症状,在蚕豆叶片上形成过敏性坏死斑;毒素可导致水稻幼苗萎蔫、胚根胚芽生长受抑和根冠细胞死亡;毒素的毒性与毒素浓度和产毒素菌株的致病力成正比;专化性毒素AT对珍汕97不育系的毒害程度显著高于对保持系的毒害。     

Induction of Terpenoid Synthesis in Cotton Roots and Control of Rhizoctonia solani by Seed Treatment with Trichoderma virens

ABSTRACT Research on the mechanisms employed by the biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens to suppress cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedling disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani has shown that mycoparasitism and antibiotic production are not major contributors to successful biological control. In this study, we examined the possibility that seed treatment with T. virens stimulates defense responses, as indicated by the synthesis of terpenoids in cotton roots. We also examined the role of these terpenoid compounds in disease control. Analysis of extracts of cotton roots and hypocotyls grown from T. virens-treated seed showed that terpenoid synthesis and peroxidase activity were increased in the roots of treated plants, but not in the hypocotyls of these plants or in the untreated controls. Bioassay of the terpenoids for toxicity to R. solani showed that the pathway intermediates desoxyhemigossypol (dHG) and hemigossypol (HG) were strongly inhibitory to the pathogen, while the final product gossypol (G) was toxic only at a much higher concentration. Strains of T. virens and T. koningii were much more resistant to HG than was R. solani, and they thoroughly colonized the cotton roots. A comparison of biocontrol efficacy and induction of terpenoid synthesis in cotton roots by strains of T. virens, T. koningii, T. harzianum, and protoplast fusants indicated that there was a strong correlation (+0.89) between these two phenomena. It, therefore, appears that induction of defense response, particularly terpenoid synthesis, in cotton roots by T. virens may be an important mechanism in the biological control by this fungus of R. solani-incited cotton seedling disease.