利用秋水仙素喷淋加倍不同遗传基础的单倍体子粒探讨

以不同血缘及不同世代的遗传育种材料为母本、高频孤雌生殖诱导系辽诱1和CAU5等为父本杂交诱导产生的单倍体子粒为实验材料,研究秋水仙素浓度为0.625 mg/mL的条件下,用喷淋加倍设备对试验材料进行8 h喷淋的加倍效果。结果表明,喷淋秋水仙素后,郑单958的S2代的材料加倍率最高,为33.75%;第2位的是L3258×H71,是NSS种质S0代材料,其加倍率为13.02%;第3位的是D299/PH4CV,为NSS种质S1代材料,加倍率为10.34%。研究表明,喷淋秋水仙素的加倍效果与遗传背景关系紧密,喷淋秋水仙素加倍率总体由高到低的顺序为郑单958NSS种质(SS+NSS)种质SS种质欧洲杂交种,喷淋秋水仙素对全部试验材料的加倍率都有提高作用,比自然加倍提高0.83～5.08倍。利用该喷淋设备加倍单倍体子粒,具有节约用药量、操作简便、便于大规模生产应用、减少人员对秋水仙素的接触、废液回收方便、有利于保护环境等优点。     

亚洲棉同源四倍体种质创新初探

采用秋水仙碱琼脂糖凝胶涂抹法,处理亚洲棉（Gossy pium arboreum）幼苗茎尖生长点,研究亚洲棉同源四倍体种质创新的诱变浓度与诱变时间,得出最佳诱变参数：浓度0.1％,时间1d.与对照株相比,获得的诱变株矮壮,节间缩短;子叶变大、肥厚,且脱落时间延迟;真叶出现晚,叶裂数不一,叶形不对称,叶面凹凸不平,出现卷曲叶、勺状叶,铲形叶等变异;着生子叶的茎杆处和子叶柄处出现瘤状;叶色浓绿.实验还发现19：00～20：00在温室进行处理,有助于提高诱变率.     

苹果叶片离体培养中秋水仙素加倍效应的研究

用不同浓度的秋水仙素溶液处理苹果的栽培品种嘎拉试管苗的离体叶片，发现以０．５％的秋水仙素溶液处理４ｄ效果最佳，诱变频率达５６．１％。诱变后获得的四倍体植株在形态学和细胞学上均发生了明显变异。与对照株比较，变异株茎矮、粗壮、节间短、叶片厚、叶色浓绿；叶背面的气孔体积增大，单位面积气孔数目减少、茸毛数量增加；染色体数目加倍，２ｎ＝４ｘ＝６８（对照２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３４），细胞核核仁数目增加。梢端组织学切片证明，变异株中同质突变体的频率达７３％。     

A practical and reliable procedure for in vitro induction of tetraploid tomato

A relatively rapid, practical and reliable procedure for in vitro production of tetraploid tomato using colchicine is described. Using this procedure 11.11% generation of tetraploids was obtained after exposure of seedling shoot meristem explants with 8 mM colchicine for 96 h. Confirmation of tetraploid production (2n = 48), was determined by flow cytometry and verified by cytogenetic analysis of root tip preparations. The results indicate that the procedure is adequate for induction and screening of tetraploid tomato plantlets.     

玉米单倍体加倍方法研究进展

主要综述了近年来玉米单倍体加倍方法的最新研究进展。自然加倍法和以秋水仙素及除草剂为加倍剂的化学加倍法是人们研究较多的加倍方法。     

秋水仙碱诱导山杨异源多倍体

[目的]利用综合倍性育种和杂交优势的多倍体育种培育山杨优良新品种。[方法]以中国山杨及其杂交品种中关山杨为母本,山杨和新疆杨为父本,进行树上杂交与切枝水培杂交,对授粉后的雌花序施加秋水仙碱进行多倍体诱导,利用流式细胞术检测植株倍性。[结果]切枝水培杂交,授粉48h后,以浓度0．3％秋水仙碱持续处理24h,诱导三倍体效果最佳;授粉96h后,以浓度0．3％秋水仙碱持续处理24h,诱导四倍体效果最佳。另外树上杂交,授粉96h后,以浓度0．1％秋水仙碱持续处理48h,诱导三倍体效果最佳;授粉120h后,以浓度0．1％秋水仙碱持续处理48h,诱导四倍体效果最佳。[结论]对山杨、中美山杨授粉后施加秋水仙碱处理,成功获得了三倍体与四倍体,结果表明利用秋水仙碱溶液诱导山杨多倍体行之有效。     

豇豆四倍体的诱导及鉴定

用浓度为0.1%~0.3%的秋水仙素处理二倍体豇豆子叶期的茎尖生长点,获得同源四倍体(2n=4x=44),并对其进行形态学、细胞学、农艺学鉴定。结果表明:经0.2%秋水仙素处理4次获得同源四倍体的效果最佳,四倍体诱变率为2.809%;与二倍体相比,四倍体植株叶片、花器官、荚果等均表现巨大性,气孔密度和单个荚果种子数降低;用流式细胞仪进行倍性鉴定,豇豆二倍体DNA相对含量为250,四倍体为500,与根尖染色体鉴定结果一致。     

Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling in Platanus acerifolia and its effect on plant morphology

We report the production of tetraploid plants of Platanus acerifolia, with the ultimate aim of improving the ornamental qualities of this important urban landscaping tree. Chromosome doubling was achieved by the application of colchicine to either pre-soaked seed or to the apical meristems of young seedlings. Treatment of the ungerminated seed was the more efficient method in terms of numbers of tetraploid seedlings (up to 40%, as determined by chromosome counting of the root-tip nuclei) but this method produced no mature tetraploid plants due to the deleterious effect of colchicine on subsequent root growth. When colchicine was applied directly to the apical growing tip of cotyledon-stage seedlings, leaf and stem growth was temporarily affected but the plants eventually recovered. We conducted a preliminary screen for putative tetraploids based on the observation in other plant species of a correlation of stomatal size and distribution with ploidy. Plants containing significantly larger stomata and at a lower density across the lower leaf epidermis, were selected for further analysis by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. These techniques confirmed that, of the 12 putative polyploids, four were tetraploid, five were mixoploid and three were, in fact, diploid. Morphological differences of the tetraploids included a more compact growth habit and broader, thicker leaves. These plants are being grown to full maturity in order to test their potential for use in a breeding programme aimed at producing sterile triploid lines.     

秋水仙素和二甲基亚砜诱导矮败小麦孤雌生殖的效应

在隔离区内，以矮败小麦轮回选择群体中的不育株为供试亲本，用秋水仙素（Ｃｏｌ）和二甲基亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）诱导孤雌生殖。结果表明，Ｃｏｌ和ＤＭＳＯ均具有诱导不育株孤雌生殖的作用，并且二者之间存在极显著的互作效应。同一药剂不同的诱导方法，其诱导效果有差异；小穗剪颖处理的孤雌生殖结实率较高；处理时间和套袋与否对孤雌生殖结实率影响不显著。孤雌生殖纯系在纯度和遗传稳定性方面均接近于对照品种（丰抗８号）。从遗传理论和育种实践的角度，讨论了药物诱导矮败小麦孤雌生殖的可行性及在小麦育种中的应用价值     

诱导葡萄多倍体研究

用秋水仙素诱导瑰宝(2n—38)种子获得葡萄多倍体的方法,观察了诱变多倍体的细胞学特性和倍性结构,3年获得253份多倍体材料.