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1.
The relationship between commuting distances and where people work has been studied for urban contexts in both developed countries and developing countries. However, few studies have examined the situation in rural areas, and none look at commuting distances to non‐farm workplaces in rural areas of developing countries. This paper investigates how commuting distance, and thus accessibility, to local non‐farm work influences non‐farm employment and out‐migration from rural villages in Northeast Thailand. The main issues examined are: (i) the distance that rural residents travel to work in local non‐farm jobs; and (ii) the influence that local non‐farm employment has on the number of outmigrants from rural villages. The study finds: (i) distance between villages and non‐farm work sites impact the number of villagers who are employed in regular wage work; (ii) beyond 20 km villagers are less likely to travel to non‐farm employment using their own means of transportation; and (iii) employment in regular wage work decreases outmigration. The findings from this study contribute to the debates over the drivers of rural out‐migration, rural livelihood changes, and agrarian changes that are taking place in Southeast Asia. 相似文献
2.
Hajime ASADA Hirotaka TOMIYASU Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO Yasuhito FUJINO Koichi OHNO Hajime TSUJIMOTO 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2015,77(6):677-684
Canine histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive tumor type originating from histiocytic
cell lineages. This disease is characterized by poor response to chemotherapy and short
survival time. Therefore, it is of critical importance to identify and develop effective
antitumor drugs against HS. The objectives of this study were to examine the drug
sensitivities of 10 antitumor drugs. Using a real-time RT-PCR system, the mRNA expression
levels of 16 genes related to drug resistance in 4 canine HS cell lines established from
dogs with disseminated HS were determined and compared to 2 canine lymphoma cell lines
(B-cell and T-cell). These 4 canine HS cell lines showed sensitivities toward microtubule
inhibitors (vincristine, vinblastine and paclitaxel), comparable to those in the canine
B-cell lymphoma cell line. Moreover, it was shown that P-gp in the HS cell lines used in
this study did not have enough function to efflux its substrate. Sensitivities to
melphalan, nimustine, methotrexate, cytarabine, doxorubicin and etoposide were lower in
the 4 HS cell lines than in the 2 canine lymphoma cell lines. The data obtained in this
study using cultured cell lines could prove helpful in the developing of advanced and
effective chemotherapies for treating dogs that are suffering from HS. 相似文献
3.
Takayuki Anzai Masamichi Kaminishi Keizo Sato Laura Kaufman Hijiri Iwata Dai Nakae 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2015,28(2):57-64
The Standard for the Exchange of Nonclinical Data (SEND), adopted by the US FDA, is part of a set of regulations and guidances requiring the submission of standardized electronic study data for nonclinical and clinical data submissions. SEND is the nonclinical implementation of SDTM (Study Data Tabulation Model), the standard electronic format for clinical regulatory submissions to FDA. SEND, SDTM, and the associated Controlled Terminology have been developed by CDISC (Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium). In order to successfully implement SEND, interdisciplinary contributions between sponsors and CROs, need a model for task allocation. This is being undertaken by the Pharmaceutical Users Software Exchange (PhUSE). Because SEND is currently the preferred submission format of the US FDA only and will become required by it starting in December 2016, only American academic societies and companies are actively involved. An exception to this is the INHAND initiative, which leads the way in standardizing terminology for toxicological pathology. On the other hand, international globalization of other clinical and nonclinical practices is not feasible because there are substantial differences between the US and non-US countries in CRO involvement in drug development. Thus, non-US countries must consider and develop approaches to SEND that meet their needs. This paper summarizes the activities of the major organizations involved in SEND development and implementation, discusses the effective use of SEND, and details a compliance scheme (research material of the Showa University School of Medicine) illustrating how pharmaceutical companies can complete a large amount of work up to an FDA application with the effective utilization of CROs and solution providers. 相似文献
4.
Yuko TAJIMA Kaori MAEDA Tadasu K. YAMADA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2015,77(1):45-51
One hundred and twenty
stranding events of Stejneger’s beaked whales were reported in Japan between 1999 and
2011. The purpose of this study is to introduce pathological data and to discuss probable
causes of death for 44 Stejneger’s beaked whales among them. The significant pathological
findings were the pulmonary edema, parasitic granulomatous nephritis, emaciation,
amyloidosis, suppurative bronchopneumonia and so on. The probable causes of death were
categorized as noninfectious in 43 of the cases, which included drowning, starvation and
secondary amyloidosis. One individual was diagnosed with septicemia, which was the only
example of an infectious disease. Because we could not always perform advanced analyses,
such as microbiology tests, biotoxin examinations or contaminant analyses, the finality of
our findings may be impaired. However, the present study has broad implications on the
causes of death of Stejneger’s beaked whales of the seas around Japan, which are valuable
for the future studies and for the detection of emerging diseases. 相似文献
5.
Kikumi OGIHARA Ken ONDA Reiichiro SATO Yuko NAYA Hideharu OCHIAI 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2015,77(1):85-88
L-type amino acid transporter
1 (LAT1), the first isotype of amino acid transport system L, transports aromatic and
branched amino acids pivotal for fundamental cellular activities such cellular growth and
proliferation. LAT1 expression was high only in the brain in contrast to its limited
distribution and low level of expression in normal tissues. We found potent LAT1
expression in canine caput epididymis by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting
analysis. Immnuno-histochemical examination revealed observable LAT1 in microvillous
epithelial cells. 相似文献
6.
Kelsey A. Johnson James Sutherland-Smith Trisha J. Oura Amy F. Sato Bruce Barton 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2023,64(1):86-94
Evaluation of brain disease in veterinary patients uses a wide variety of MRI sequences. A shortened protocol that maintains consistency of interpretation would reduce radiologist reporting time, patient anesthetic time, and client cost. The aims of this retrospective, methods comparison, observer agreement study were to evaluate whether abbreviated MRI protocols alter differential diagnoses and recommendations compared to our institution's standard protocol; evaluate interobserver agreement on standard brain MRIs; and assess whether differential diagnoses change after postcontrast images. Normal and pathologic canine and feline brain MRIs were retrieved from hospital archives. Three protocols were created from each: a 5-sequence noncontrast enhanced Fast Brain Protocol 1 (FBP1); a 6-sequence contrast-enhanced Fast Brain Protocol 2 (FBP2); and an 11-sequence standard brain protocol (SBP). Three blinded veterinary radiologists interpreted FBP images for 98 cases (1 reader/case) and SBP images for 20 cases (3 readers/case). A fourth observer compared these interpretations to the original MRI reports (OMR). Overall agreement between FBPs and OMR was good (k = 0.75) and comparable to interobserver agreement for multiple reviews of SBP cases. Postcontrast images substantially altered conclusions in 17/97 cases (17.5%), as well as improved interobserver agreement compared to noncontrast studies. The conclusions reached with shortened brain protocols were comparable to those of a full brain study. The findings supported the use of a 6-sequence brain MRI protocol (sagittal T2-weighted [T2w] TSE; transverse T2w turbo spin echo fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, T2*-weighted gradient recalled echo, T1-weighted spin echo, and diffusion weighted imaging/apparent diffusion coefficient; and postcontrast transverse T1-weighted spin echo) for dogs and cats with suspected intracranial disease. 相似文献
7.
Jie Liu Rumi Fujita Michiko Sato Kuniyoshi Shimizu Fumiko Konishi Kiyoshi Noda Shoichiro Kumamoto Chie Ueda Hisatoshi Tajiri Shuhei Kaneko Yoshitaro Suimi Ryuichiro Kondo 《Journal of Wood Science》2005,51(2):189-192
The inhibitory effects of 102 methanol extracts of 40 mycelia, 9 culture fluids, and 53 fruiting bodies of 40 strains of Ganoderma lucidum on 5-reductase were investigated. The methanol extract of the fruiting body of each strain was found to show the strongest 5-reductase inhibitory activity among the extracts tested. 相似文献
8.
A split-root apparatus for examining the effects of hydraulic lift by trees on the water status of neighbouring crops 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We describe a split-root system for examining the effects of hydraulic lift by trees on crop growth. In this system, upper
lateral tree roots were grown in a container set on the ground through which the taproot of the tree could penetrate into
the moist soil below. The container, with a radius of 0.5 m and a height of 0.20 m, consisted of two compartments divided
by a waterproof barrier. A markhamia tree (Markhamia lutea (Benth.) Schumann) and upland rice (Oryza sativa (L.)) plants were planted in one compartment, with only rice plants planted in the other compartment. Irrigation of the container
was ceased at the start of the experiment. The stomatal conductance of the rice plants in the associated side, in which both
trees and rice plants were grown, declined more rapidly during the first drying period than in the rice-only compartment,
suggesting that there was competition for water between the tree and the crop plants. However, during the later drying period,
the rice plants in the associated side were green and viable, while those in the rice-only side became desiccated. Rice roots
were seen intermingling with tree roots, and the soil water content in the associated site tended to be higher than in the
rice-only side. It is likely that hydraulic lift occurred in the associated side and that water that had been transferred
to the surface roots was released into the soil, enabling the rice plants in this compartment to remain viable. This novel
system is useful for examination of the effects of hydraulic lift by trees on the growth of neighbouring crops.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
We compared patterns of acorn dispersal and predation by wood mice among four tree species (Quercus serrata, Quercus crispula, Castanea crenata, and Juglans mandshurica var. sieboldiana) that are abundant in cool temperate woodlands. We devised an acorn dispersal experiment using 400 magnet-inserted acorns and a magnetic locator in a 1.8-ha study plot, which spanned a cut-over area and an adjacent deciduous forest. Ten wire mesh baskets, each containing 40 acorns (10 acorns per species), were placed on the border between these two habitat types. About 13.0% (n = 52) of the total acorns remained in the baskets, while 77.3% (n = 309) were dispersed throughout the study plot and subsequently retrieved using the magnetic locator. Microhabitat, distance, and burial depth of transported acorns were significantly different among species. In the cut-over area, J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were dispersed under fallen trees or branches and near stumps, and were buried deeply in the soil. Dispersal distances of J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were significantly greater than those of Q. serrata acorns. The number and microhabitat of transported acorns significantly differed between habitat types. J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were dispersed in the cut-over area rather than in the forest. For all four species, the numbers of acorns delivered to fallen trees or branches, stumps, and crumbled soil with overhang under any vegetation type were greater in the cut-over area than in the forest. 相似文献
10.
Uyanga Ariya Ken-Ya Hamano Takushi Makimoto Shu Kinoshita Yasuaki Akaji Yuko Miyazaki Muneto Hirobe Keiji Sakamoto 《Journal of Forest Research》2016,21(2):73-83
Dendrochronological approaches enable us to understand forest stand dynamics by estimation of disturbance history and age structure. The present study was conducted in an old-growth beech forest in a forest reserve in western Japan. Increment cores were taken for tree ring analysis from all canopy trees in a 50 m × 130 m study plot. Radial growth release criteria were developed to identify significant growth releases in each tree ring series and to characterize the disturbance history of the study site. The age structure of the forest was indicative of continuous establishment by Fagus crenata and simultaneous establishment by Magnolia obovata. A variety of low-intensity disturbances were identified in each decade, especially after the 1900s, but the occurrence of high-intensity catastrophic disturbance was rare, and likely played an important role in maintaining species diversity in the existing forest canopy. The results also suggest that F. crenata regenerates gradually before and after both large- and small-scale disturbances, whereas M. obovata and Betula grossa regenerate only after large-scale catastrophic disturbances. 相似文献