Features of transition of perennial grasses with adaptive Triticum-type proteins into anabiosis

During 1–7-day stages of ontogenesis (for example, in winter rye), biochemical changes in the aerial part of perennial grasses with adaptive Triticum-type proteins in the process of entering into the state of anabiosis were studied. It was shown that, at this point, biomass of the aerial part of plant was much higher than of the root system, and it accumulated raffinose, sucrose, glucose, and half-cystine. Synthesis of raffinose and accumulation of half-cystine continued until the stabilization of negative temperatures; as for sucrose and glucose, it ceased upon reaching the average temperature of the physiological zero, then the content of half-cystine and raffinose increased sharply, and the content of sucrose and glucose decreased at the same time. In the aerial parts of plants, fructose and phenylalanine were found, and their content increased upon reaching freezing temperatures. It was concluded that the polymerization of water-soluble proteins occurred in perennial grasses in a state of anabiosis. These proteins, along with raffinose, serve as cryoprotectants; sucrose and glucose are substrates for respiration; fructose is a substrate for respiration and protective metabolite; and phenylalanine is a substrate for the future synthesis of antioxidants.     

Comparative analysis of anatomic structure of cotyledons for determining salt and osmotic tolerance of modified plants

The anatomic structure of cotyledons of clone 124 and cultivar Nadezhda during germination in various isosmotic sodium chloride and mannitol concentrations is compared. The possibility of using a quantitative method for revealing the character of salt tolerance in plants obtained by biotechnological methods is shown.     

Genotyping spring rape cultivars by the microsatellite polymorphism analysis method

A technology has been developed for genotyping spring rape cultivars on the basis of microsatellite analysis, which makes it possible to reliably distinguish cultivars, including those closely related, and it can be used for their passportization and certification, compiling genealogies, and protecting the intellectual property of breeders.     

Exogenous paraoxonase‐1 during oocyte maturation improves bovine embryo development in vitro

Paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) is an enzyme found in serum and follicular fluid that protects cell membrane and circulating lipids against oxidative damage. The aims of this study were to measure the direct effects of recombinant PON1 (rPON1) on bovine oocyte maturation at the molecular level (gene expression) and to measure the carry‐over effects of PON1 on pre‐implantation embryo development in vitro. COCs were submitted to IVM with the addition of 0.0, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg ml^?1 of rPON1, corresponding to an average PON1 arylesterase enzyme activity of 2.2 ± 0.4, 15.5 ± 1.5, 30.2 ± 3.0 and 57.9 ± 5.0 U ml^?1, respectively. The results indicated that addition of rPON1 during IVM improved embryo development in a dose‐dependent manner as D7 embryo development was 22.2%, 29.4%, 32.2% and 37.0% for the treatment groups, respectively (p = 0.02). In conclusion, addition of PON1 enzyme during IVM exerted dose‐related positive effects on embryo development rates to blastocysts.     

Reaction of triticeae cereals (spring and winter wheat and winter rye) to a change in ambient temperature in the fall-winter period of ontogeny

The state of overwintering cereals during their transition into anabiosis is studied. It is shown that by the time growth processes associated with a decrease of temperature below physiological zero ceases, free amino acids are utilized, the quantitative ratio of protein amino acids changes, and raffinose, sucrose, and phenylalanine accumulate in the aboveground part of the plants. It is concluded that the transition of cereals to a state of anabiosis occurs upon maximum binding of intracellular water by the protein-carbohydrateamino acid complex after stabilization of negative ambient temperatures. The results of this work and a number of previous publications permitted formulating an idea about the structure of the physiological and biochemical mechanism of adaptation to negative temperatures acquired by perennial cereals during evolution.     

Identification of rapeseed varieties by the microsatellite analysis method

Sixteen microsatellite loci suitable for identifying rapeseed varieties are established; 16 original primer pairs are proposed for analyzing polymorphism of these microsatellite loci. Unique genetic profiles of 13 homebred and foreign-bred rapeseed varieties are obtained.     

Creation of a protein vector construct including an SSBTne DNA-binding domain and VirD2 nuclear localization signal

A genetic engineering construct is created which encodes a chimeric protein for nonviral transgenesis that includes the SSB DNA-binding domain and VirD2 nuclear localization signal. A method is developed for purifying the target protein.     

Production of transgenic tomato plants with the Fe-dependent superoxide dismutase gene

Agrobacterial transformation of tomatoes by an expression vector containing the Fe-SOD gene is carried out. The transgenic status of the transformants obtained is confirmed by PCR analysis. Differences are noted in the cell cycle and ultrastructure of transgenic and nontransgenic plants under the effect of salt stress.     

Effect of multipurpose compost on economically valuable celery traits and soil microbiocenosis

The complex effect of multipurpose compost (MPC) on the system soil-associative microflora-plant, increasing the numbers of soil microorganisms, their enzymatic activity, and NPK content and promoting an increase of celery yield by 1.5–2 times, is revealed. In this case, the content of nitrates in organs is within the limits of the maximum allow concentration.     

抗除草剂转基因小麦生态安全评估(二)——普通小麦与其近缘植物的属间和种间杂交研究

以普通小麦为父本,以与小麦亲缘关系较近的黑麦、偃麦草和山羊草等属中7个种的10个品种为母本进行人工杂交,结果表明普通小麦与卵穗山羊草的可交配性最高,其两个品种Ae23和Y100与普通小麦的杂交结实率分别为11．96％和14．10％,与黑麦杂交的结实率最低,授粉496朵,未结1粒,与其他近缘种的杂交结实率介于前二者之间。与倍性高的种相比,二倍体种与普通小麦之间的可交配性要差,其杂种幼胚在培养基上也很难出愈。所得杂种的育性非常低,甚至雌雄蕊均不育。由此看来,自然条件下普通小麦基因漂流到野生近缘种中的可能性非常低,通过转基因小麦田间释放产生“超级杂草”是非常困难的。