Improved control of lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using Contans combined with lignin or a reduced fungicide application

The use of Contans (Coniothyrium minitans) in Belgian commercial lettuce greenhouses has so far not always fulfilled the expectations of growers. With the aim of improving the efficacy of control of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Contans applied alone and Contans combined with Radix (Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma gamsii), Kraft pine lignin and Rovral was compared in three successive lettuce crops in a naturally infested greenhouse. At harvest of each crop, the effect on disease incidence, and the effect on viability and fungal infection of sclerotia buried prior to each crop was evaluated. Contans applied alone negatively affected the sclerotial viability, but did not reduce lettuce drop symptoms. The combination of Contans with Kraft pine lignin, on the other hand, reduced sclerotial viability and lettuce drop compared with the untreated control in the last crop. Furthermore, when Contans was combined with Kraft pine lignin, a higher number of infected sclerotia was observed compared with Contans applied alone. When Radix was added to the combination, there was no extra benefit for the control of lettuce drop. The combination of one Rovral application and Contans resulted in a significant control of lettuce drop together with a negative effect on sclerotial survival. Two Rovral applications, by contrast, reduced the ability of C. minitans to parasitize and kill the sclerotia. To conclude, integration of Contans with a reduced Rovral application and with Kraft pine lignin has potential to improve the control of lettuce drop in commercial greenhouses.     

Die Schneebeere als neue Wirtspflanze der Kirschfruchtfliege

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Resistenzeigenschaften im Gersten- und Weizensortiment Gatersleben 20. Prüfung des Verhaltens von Gersten gegen Flugbrand,Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.

Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1964 bis 1974 wurden 362 Winter- und 738 Sommergersten mit einer lokalen Population vonUstilago nuda geprüft. Zur Kennzeichnung der Virulenz des Infektionsmaterials ist das Verhalten von Trägern bekannter Resistenzgene angegeben. Resistenz (0 ... 10% Befall) zeigten 197 oder 18% der 1100 Gersten. Mäßig resistent bis mäßig anfällig (>10 ... 30% Befall) waren 146 oder 13% dieses Sortiments. Als anfällig wurden 69% der Kollektion bewertet.Im Zusammenhang mit diesen Ergebnissen wird auf die Literatur zur Genetik der Flugbrandresistenz und auf Kombinationen mit anderen Resistenzmerkmalen eingegangen.

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Resistance in the Gatersleben barley and wheat collection. 20. Testing of barley for reaction to loose smut,Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.

Summary During the years 1964–74 362 winter and 738 spring barleys were inoculated with a local smut population. Its virulence is described by the reactions of varieties with identified resistance genes.Of the 1100 varieties tested 197 were resistant (0 ... 10% infection), 146 showed >10 ... 30% infection, and 69 per cent of this collection were classified as susceptible, with infection exceeding 30%.In connection with these results literature on smut resistance and the combination with resistance to other diseases are discussed.

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. 20. , Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.

1964 1974 . 362 738 Ustilago nuda. . ( 0 10%) 197 1100 (18%). ( 10 30%) 146 (13%). 69% . .

     

Evaluation of functional muscle anatomy scalability in the canine hind limb

In contrast to other mammals, the large variation in dog sizes is not accompanied by any significant genetic re-organization. In order to study the relationship between body mass, limb length and the functional anatomical muscle parameters of the canine hind limb, a large dataset comprising of muscle masses, optimal muscle fibre lengths and physiological cross-sectional area's (PCSA) were acquired for twenty-five muscles in ten dogs of sizes varying between 20 kg and 52 kg. The potential of body mass and limb length for reliably scaling individual muscle masses, optimal muscle fibre lengths and PCSA's were examined. For the majority of the muscles of the canine hind limb, neither body mass nor limb length were reliable scaling parameter for either muscle masses, PCSA's and optimal fibre length. These results indicate the need of a breed-specific approach to musculoskeletal modelling in future canine musculoskeletal research.