Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 40 dogs with histologically confirmed intracranial tumours

Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 40 dogs with histologically confirmed primary and secondary intracranial tumours were reviewed. Forty-one tumours were diagnosed by means of MR imaging (MRI). MRI findings allowed diagnosis of a neoplastic lesion in 37/41 cases. Based on MRI features, differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions was possible in 24/27 (89%) primary brain tumours and in 13/14 (92%) secondary brain tumours. Diagnosis of tumour type based on MRI features was correct in 19/27 (70%) primary tumours and in 13/14 secondary tumours. The results of this study show that MRI is a good diagnostic imaging modality to detect neoplastic lesions and to diagnose tumour type in dogs. However, as some neoplasms show equivocal MRI features the technique has limitations in the detection of some intracranial tumours and in predicting tumour type.     

Ecotypes of Italian ryegrass from Swiss permanent grassland outperform current recommended cultivars

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ssp. italicum Volkart ex Schinz et Keller) thrives well in permanent grassland in mild and moist regions of Switzerland. Ecotypes of Italian ryegrass from Swiss permanent meadows have often been used successfully as the base material of breeding programmes. However, their agronomic performance per se has never been studied in detail. Therefore, field trials were conducted to assess the potential of this semi-natural genetic resource for use in breeding. Twenty ecotype populations were collected in different geographical regions in 2003 and seed was increased. Plot trials with 20 ecotype populations were conducted 2005–2007 at three locations, supplemented by row trials at two additional locations, and including four currently recommended cultivars as controls. Average performance in terms of yield, vigour and resistance to snow mould of ecotypes was superior to the cultivars. Depending on the characteristic, between three and 16 of the 20 ecotypes performed significantly better than the cultivars mean. However, resistance against crown rust of all ecotypes was significantly poorer than that of the cultivars. Correlation and regression analysis showed that more eastern and more northern collecting sites harboured better performing ecotypes. However, the most consistent site related factor favouring performance of the ecotypes in terms of yield, vigour, snow mould and Xanthomonas resistance was a low abundance of species which are typical of Arrhenatheretum type meadows. Data from the plot trials were related to results obtained with spaced plants at a single site, either in a seedling nursery or in the greenhouse. Resistance against crown rust was extremely well predicted by spaced plant observations. Xanthomonas resistance observed after artificial inoculation in the greenhouse was also significantly, but less closely correlated with field observations. An early date of ear emergence as observed on spaced plants was associated with high annual yield in the plot trials. It is concluded that in intensively managed habitats, natural selection has resulted in ecotype populations of Italian ryegrass which are highly promising for use in breeding. Individual plant selection for resistance can be expected to efficiently reduce their high susceptibility to crown rust.     

The Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Caulerpin,a Bisindole Alkaloid Isolated from Seaweeds of the Genus Caulerpa

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of caulerpin was investigated. This bisindole alkaloid was isolated from the lipoid extract of Caulerpa racemosa and its structure was identified by spectroscopic methods, including IR and NMR techniques. The pharmacological assays used were the writhing and the hot plate tests, the formalin-induced pain, the capsaicin-induced ear edema and the carrageenan-induced peritonitis. Caulerpin was given orally at a concentration of 100 μmol/kg. In the abdominal constriction test caulerpin showed reduction in the acetic acid-induced nociception at 0.0945 μmol (0.0103–1.0984) and for dypirone it was 0.0426 μmol (0.0092–0.1972). In the hot plate test in vivo the inhibition of nociception by caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) was also favorable. This result suggests that this compound exhibits a central activity, without changing the motor activity (seen in the rotarod test). Caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) reduced the formalin effects in both phases by 35.4% and 45.6%, respectively. The possible anti-inflammatory activity observed in the second phase in the formalin test of caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) was confirmed on the capsaicin-induced ear edema model, where an inhibition of 55.8% was presented. Indeed, it was also observed in the carrageenan-induced peritonitis that caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, reducing significantly the number of recruit cells by 48.3%. Pharmacological studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions and also to identify other active principles present in Caulerpa racemosa.     

Identification of phytotoxins from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botryosphaeria obtusa</Emphasis>, a pathogen of black dead arm disease of grapevine

A bioassay-guided fractionation of a culture filtrate of Botryosphaeria obtusa led to the isolation of four dihydroisocoumarins, named mellein 1, 4-hydroxymellein 2, 7-hydroxymellein 3 and the new 4,7-dihydroxymellein 4. LC-UV-DAD-MS analysis of vine wood infected by B. obtusa revealed the presence of mellein (1). Botryosphaeria obtusa was also able to oxidise wood δ -resveratrol into the dimer delta-viniferin. The structures of isolated phytotoxins were established on the basis of IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR.     

Functional genomics and evolution of tick–Anaplasma interactions and vaccine development

The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several tick-transmitted pathogens that impact veterinary and human health. Tick-borne pathogens cycle between tick vectors and vertebrate hosts and their interaction is mediated by molecular mechanisms at the tick–pathogen interface. These mechanisms have evolved characteristics that involve traits from both the tick vector and the pathogen to insure their mutual survival. Herein, we review the information obtained from functional genomics and genetic studies to characterize the tick–Anaplasma interface and evolution of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum. Anaplasma and tick genes and proteins involved in tick–pathogen interactions were characterized. The results of these studies demonstrated that common and Anaplasma species-specific molecular mechanism occur by which pathogen and tick cell gene expression mediates or limits Anaplasma developmental cycle and trafficking through ticks. These results have advanced our understanding of the biology of tick–Anaplasma interactions and have opened new avenues for the development of improved methods for the control of tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.     

Changes in green coffee protein profiles during roasting

To reveal its flavor, coffee has to be roasted. In fact, the green coffee bean contains all ingredients necessary for the later development of coffee flavor. It is now widely accepted that free amino acids and peptides are required for the generation of coffee aroma. However, the mechanisms leading to defined mixtures of free amino acids and peptides remain unknown. Information pertaining to the identification of precursor proteins is also lacking. To answer some of these questions, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) was used to follow the fate of green coffee proteins. Two conditions were considered: roasting and incubation of green coffee suspensions at 37 degrees C. Coffee beans were observed to acquire the potential to spontaneously release H(2)O(2) upon polymerization of their proteins during roasting. Fragmentation of proteins was also observed. Conversely, H(2)O(2) was found to control polymerization and fragmentation of green coffee proteins in solution at 37 degrees C. Polymerization and fragmentation patterns under the two conditions were comparable. These observations suggest that the two conditions under study triggered, at least to some extent, similar biochemical mechanisms involving autoxidation. Throughout this study, a unique fragmentation cascade involving the 11S coffee storage protein was identified. Generated fragments shared an atypical staining behavior linked to their sensitivity to redox conditions.     

The effects of lead on algae

Lead inhibits respiration and photosynthesis in Phaeodactylum. In cells treated for 24 h with PbCl₂ (10 mg 1^?1), photosynthesis is completely suppressed, while respiration is reduced to 25%. A lower concentration, 1.0 mg 1^?1, permits photosynthesis at 75% of the control rate, respiration being virtually unaffected. The vital activities of cells treated for 48 h or 72 h are progressively more inhibited: concentrations of PbCl₂ as low as 0.1 mg 1^?1 reduce photosynthesis and respiration by 25 to 50%.