耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤团粒结构及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探讨耕作覆盖对旱作土壤团粒结构、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【方法】于2013—2016年进行连续3个作物生长季定位试验,通过设置3种耕作方式（深松、免耕、翻耕）和3种覆盖措施（秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和不覆盖）,研究耕作结合覆盖对土壤团聚体数量、土壤蓄水量及马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用可显著增加0—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量,深松覆盖秸秆处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年（2016）和相对欠水年（2014）分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高14.2%、16.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年（2015）较翻耕不覆盖显著提高8.5%;20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年以深松覆盖秸秆、相对欠水年深松覆盖地膜和平水年免耕覆盖秸秆处理最高,分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高18.2%、21.5%、18.7%。耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对0—200 cm土层蓄水量影响显著,深松覆盖秸秆处理休闲期土壤蓄水量分别在相对欠水年、欠水年和平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高29.6%、9.3%、11.4%;其关键生育时期平均土壤蓄水量分别在欠水年和相对欠水年较翻耕不覆盖显著增加21.9%、28.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著增加17.1%。在相对欠水年,耕作方式对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率无显著影响,而覆盖措施及耕作与覆盖交互作用对其有显著影响,以免耕覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高51.8%和50.5%;在平水年和欠水年,耕作方式、覆盖措施及其二者交互对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,产量、水分利用效率均以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,平均较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高56.9%和44.8%。【结论】耕作结合覆盖措施可改善耕层土壤团粒结构,显著增强休闲期和生育期土壤蓄水保墒能力,从而显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率,在平水年和欠水年采用深松结合秸秆覆盖、相对欠水年采用免耕结合秸秆覆盖模式可实现宁南旱作马铃薯增产。     

Field evaluation of some bait additives against Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) (Rodentia: Hystricidae)

This research study evaluated the effect of different additives on the bait consumption by Indian crested porcupine, a serious forest and agricultural pest, under field conditions. Different additives (saccharin, common salt, bone meal, fish meal, peanut butter, egg yolk, egg shell powder, yeast powder, mineral oil and coconut oil) at 2 and 5% each were tested for their relative preference, using groundnut–maize (1:1) as basic bait. All the additives were tested under a no‐choice test pattern. For control tests, no additive was mixed with the basic bait. Saccharin at 5% concentration significantly enhanced the consumption of bait over the basic bait, while 2% saccharin supplemented bait resulted in a non‐significant bait consumption. All other additives did not enhance the consumption of the bait material; rather, these worked as repellents. However, the repellency was lowest with the common salt, followed by egg yolk, egg shell powder, bone meal, peanut butter, mineral oil, fish meal and yeast powder, while coconut remained the most repellent compound. The present study suggested that groundnut–maize (1:1) supplemented with 5% saccharin was the preferred bait combination, and can be used with different rodenticides for the management of Indian crested porcupine.     

不同覆盖方式对旱作马铃薯生长及土壤水热特征的影响

【目的】探讨不同覆盖方式对西北旱作区农田土壤水热和马铃薯生长的影响。【方法】2015—2016年连续2年设置沟垄地膜全覆盖（DD）、沟垄地膜半覆盖（DB）和沟垄二元覆盖（DJ）3种覆盖方式大田试验,以平作不覆盖为对照（CK）,研究不同覆盖方式下土壤水温变异特征及对马铃薯生长及块茎形成的影响。【结果】覆盖处理全生育期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量均高于CK,DJ处理在播后70—90 d土壤保水效果最佳。覆盖能降低0—200 cm土层土壤水分变异系数,以DJ处理的土壤水分垂直稳定性最强。与CK相比,DD处理在播后30—50 d的0—15 cm土层土壤增温效果显著,而DJ处理在全生育期0—25 cm土层土壤温度表现“降温和增温双重效应”。各覆盖处理能降低0—25 cm土层土壤温度变异系数,以DJ处理最小,其土壤温度垂直稳定性最强。覆盖能提高马铃薯出苗率和影响出苗天数,其中DD处理平均出苗天数较CK提前4.5 d,而DJ处理推迟3.5 d。马铃薯生育期生物量累积动态变化符合Logistic生长模型,以DJ处理生物量理论值和生长速率最大,快速生长持续期最长。通过主成分分析发现,除马铃薯生物量、单株薯数及亩株数等因素外,土壤水分对马铃薯生长的影响高于土壤温度,是限制马铃薯高产的重要因子。【结论】沟垄二元覆盖（DJ）能改善土壤水温状况,维持相对稳定的土壤水热环境,利于马铃薯生长和块茎产量的提高。     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对砂性土壤性质及滴灌玉米生长的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤改良和玉米增产的效应,在秸秆还田条件下施用3种不同腐熟剂[生物秸秆速腐剂(SR+BS)、EM菌秸秆腐熟剂(SR+RJ)、有机废物发酵菌曲(SR+OW)],以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂处理为对照(CK),研究其对秸秆生物失重率、砂性土壤理化性状和滴灌玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,3种腐熟剂均能有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,其中SR+RJ的秸秆腐解程度最佳,翻埋130 d后其秸秆生物失重率为49.9%,SR+OW和SR+BS次之,3种处理分别较CK显著提高7.1、5.7、5.2个百分点。SR+RJ对改善0~40 cm土层土壤容重效果最佳,较CK显著降低4.2%,同时显著提高了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量及生育中后期土壤贮水量,SR+OW和SR+BS次之。施用秸秆腐熟剂能明显促进玉米生育中后期植株生长,其中SR+RJ最佳。SR+RJ和SR+OW对玉米增产增收效果最明显,分别较CK显著增产26.9%、23.4%,显著增收28.8%、23.4%。可见,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂可有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,改善土壤理化性质,促进玉米生长发育,显著提高作物产量与经济效益,以EM菌秸秆腐熟剂效果最佳。本研究为宁夏扬黄灌区还田后促进秸秆腐熟和砂性土壤培肥及玉米高产提供了技术参考。     

Simple method for distinguishing maneb, zineb, mancozeb, and selected mixtures

Maneb, zineb, mancozeb, and arbitrarily selected mixtures of those can be differentiated by a simple method. Compounds are differentiated on the basis of colors produced after treatment of saturated solutions of the fungicides in n-propanol-acetone mixture (1 + 1 v/v), first with dithizone and then with monosodium dihydrogen phosphate solution in the same solvent. The color depends on the type and concentration of metal present in the sample.     

施行草地农业推进西藏畜牧业的可持续发展

根据2004年7月30日～8月13日对西藏农区、半农半牧区和牧区的调查研究,认为引草入田建立人工草地是西藏畜牧业发展的战略要求和潜力所在,也是进一步提升西藏农业生产水平的经济有效措施。故施行草地农业是推进西藏畜牧业可持续发展的必由之路。     

施氮量对扬黄灌区土壤水分、温度、碳氮及玉米产量的影响

针对宁夏扬黄灌区降水少、春季低温不利于玉米出苗和生长,而作物生育中后期高温胁迫导致玉米生产力低下等问题,在滴灌条件下设置秸秆全量还田(9 000 kg/hm²)配施3个不同纯氮用量:150,300,450 kg/hm²(即处理N1,N2,N3),并以秸秆还田不施氮肥为对照处理(CK),研究不同施氮量对土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤碳氮(土壤有机碳和全氮含量及碳氮比C/N)、玉米产量及水分生产率的影响.结果表明,N3处理对提高0~40 cm层土壤有机碳、全氮含量效果最佳,分别较CK处理显著提高41.5%和41.7%,而N2处理对调控土壤C/N效果最显著,较CK处理显著增加5.2%.秸秆还田配施氮肥均可提高玉米苗期(播后20 d)0~25 cm土层土壤的温度,且对玉米生育期内0~100 cm土层土壤具有很好的保水作用,以N2处理对土壤调温保水效果最佳.处理N1和N2能显著影响玉米的产量构成,较CK处理可显著增产46.2%~63.7%.同时,N2处理可显著提高玉米水分生产率,与CK处理相比,N2处理可显著促进玉米水分生产率提高36.1%.可见,秸秆配施300 kg/hm²氮肥还田在宁夏扬黄灌区对调控土壤水热环境和土壤碳氮比、促进玉米产量和水分生产率增加方面,效果最佳.     

A new iridoid glycoside from Linaria genestifolia

A new iridoid glycoside named genestifolioside (1) was isolated from the ethanol extract of Linaria genestifolia. Its structure was defined by spectral analysis.     

Surface entrapment of toxic metals from electroplating waste and their possible recovery

Heavy metal ions such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd and Zn have been removed from the electroplating waste using Fe(III) hydroxide as adsorbent. The maximum removal of these metal ions (>90%) occurred at pH 8 to 9. Removal of SO ₄ ^2? (98%) occurred at pH 4. Anions were found to play a negative role in the adsorption phenomenon. Metal ion Sorption has been found to decrease with increasing anionic concentrations. The methodology proposed might provide an inexpensive and economical procedure for removal and recovery of toxic metals from electroplating wastes.