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1.
Partho Pratim Debnath Jerome Delamare-Deboutteville Mona Dverdal Jansen Kornsunee Phiwsaiya Afsana Dalia Md. Abir Hasan Saengchan Senapin Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan Ha Thanh Dong Channarong Rodkhum 《Journal of fish diseases》2020,43(11):1381-1389
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging pathogen in aquaculture, reportedly affecting farmed tilapia in 16 countries across multiple continents. Following an early warning in 2017 that TiLV might be widespread, we executed a surveillance programme on tilapia grow-out farms and hatcheries from 10 districts of Bangladesh in 2017 and 2019. Among farms experiencing unusual mortality, eight out of 11 farms tested positive for TiLV in 2017, and two out of seven tested positive in 2019. Investigation of asymptomatic broodstock collected from 16 tilapia hatcheries revealed that six hatcheries tested positive for TiLV. Representative samples subjected to histopathology confirmed pathognomonic lesions of syncytial hepatitis. We recovered three complete genomes of TiLV from infected fish, one from 2017 and two from 2019. Phylogenetic analyses based on both the concatenated coding sequences of 10 segments and only segment 1 consistently revealed that Bangladeshi TiLV isolates formed a unique cluster within Thai clade, suggesting a close genetic relation. In summary, this study revealed the circulation of TiLV in 10 farms and six hatcheries located in eight districts of Bangladesh. We recommend continuing TiLV-targeted surveillance efforts to identify contaminated sources to minimize the countrywide spread and severity of TiLV infection. 相似文献
2.
FLORES, the Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System, is a framework to facilitate quantitative modelling of ecological,
economic and social issues at the landscape scale. This issue ofSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy describes the evolution of FLORES from a concept to a series of models calibrated for diverse locations, and documents the
lessons learned.
The idea to construct and use landscape-scale models of the forest frontier, based on simulating household decisions and land
use at a spatial scale close to the field level, arose from a desire to add rigour to land-use policy research at CIFOR, the
Center for International Forestry Research (Vanclay 1995). This simulation modelling approach to addressing interdisciplinary
issues, where people are strongly interacting with forest resources, became known as FLORES, the Forest Land Oriented Resource
Envisioning System (Vanclay 1998). Muetzelfeldtet al. (1998) constructed a simple prototype of a FLORES model to illustrate the concept and demonstrate the ability of a system-dynamics
modelling environment to animate such a model (Muetzelfeldt and Taylor 1997, 2001, Muetzelfeldt and Massheder 2003). In 1999,
FLORES became a reality, when 50 scientists from diverse disciplines met in Bukittinggi, Indonesia to construct the first
FLORES model styled on this prototype (CIFOR 1999, Vanclayet al. 2003).
The research reported in this special issue was made possible by generous financial support from the Department for International
Development (UK), the European Community, the Asian Development Bank (under RETA 5812) and the Center for International Forestry
Research. The views expressed herein are those of the authors alone. We would like to thank the following people who have
assisted in the production of this special issue by acting as anonymous referees for these and other papers: Andy Warner,
Brendan Moran, Bruno Verbist, Chris Dake, Chris Legg, Doug Sheil, Euan Mason, Francois Bousquet, Frank Vanclay, Geoff Slaughter,
James Gambiza, John Herbohn, John Poulsen, Jungho Suh, Mike Spilsbury, Paul Phillips, Paul van Gardingen, Phil Norman, Philip
Nyhus, Roger Wheate, Ross Sigley, Steve Harrison and Tom Evans. Thanks also to the editorial staff, especially Steve Harrison,
John Herbohn and Jungho Suh, for making this special issue possible. 相似文献
3.
Jerome K. Vanclay 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(7):702-702
4.
Paul E. Kendra Amy L. Roda Wayne S. Montgomery Elena Q. Schnell Jerome Niogret Nancy D. Epsky Robert R. Heath 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2011,59(2):143-149
Tephritid fruit flies are serious economic pests worldwide. As larvae, they feed and develop within the pulp of host fruits, making infestation difficult to detect by visual inspection. At U.S. ports of entry, incoming produce shipments are checked for infestation by manually cutting open a small sample of fruit and searching for tephritid larvae. Consequently, there is a need for more sensitive, high-throughput screening methods. This study evaluated gas chromatography (GC) as a potential technology for improved detection of hidden infestation. Grapefruits (Citrus × paradisi Macfad.) infested with immature stages of the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were examined to determine if infested fruit emitted a chemical profile distinct from that of non-infested fruit. Peaks identified by GC analysis were grouped into three classes. Chemicals detected in similar quantities in all samples, or slightly elevated in infested samples, were regarded as non-diagnostic background volatiles. Chemicals highly elevated after oviposition, during the last instar exit stage, and in experimentally-pierced fruit were interpreted to be indicators of citrus peel injury, and included d-limonene and β-ocimene. Chemicals elevated exclusively in the larval infestation stages were considered indicators of feeding damage and potentially diagnostic of infestation, and included hexyl butanoate and an unidentified compound. The peaks associated with injury and feeding were also detectable with a portable ultra-fast GC analyzer that required less than 80 s per sample. Further studies will investigate the potential application of these results for development of a rapid, non-destructive screening method for detection of tephritid infestation. 相似文献
5.
David Parsons Charles F. NicholsonRobert W. Blake Quirine M. KetteringsLuis Ramírez-Aviles Jerome H. CherneyDanny G. Fox 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(1):13-19
Simulation models are effective tools to examine interactions between livestock, cropping systems, households, and natural resources. Our study objective was to use an integrated livestock and crop model to assess the outcomes from selected suites of management decisions observed in smallholder sheep-cropping systems of Yucatán, Mexico. The scenarios contrasted specialized systems versus mixed farming, and evaluated the outcomes of increased crop-livestock integration. Mixed enterprise scenarios involving sheep provided more income than specialized enterprises, and capitalized on a lower price of on-farm maize grain, efficient utilization of surplus labor, and availability of common land. Labor and management income was greatest for the unintegrated and partially integrated crop and livestock scenarios. It was more profitable for producers to sell excess grain and maize stover, and use common land to feed the livestock, suggesting that increased integration does not always result in improved outcomes. The results are consistent with a system not yet pushed to the point where integration is inevitable. For all sets of scenarios, the model structure was able to accommodate subtle management differences to produce appropriate biophysical, labor, and economic outcomes. We conclude there is potential to use similar model development methods to describe other crop-livestock systems, thus providing tools for learning, scenario analysis, and impact assessment. 相似文献
6.
Jerome M. Schaack 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1986,1(1):93-99
The US Bureau of Reclamation has been constructing irrigation water distribution systems since the early 1900s in the 17 Western United States. The advent of this construction soon necessitated a means for preventing excessive seepage from some canals or portions thereof. Numerous types of linings have been installed including concrete, asphalt, masonry, buried plastic membrane, exposed membrane, compacted earth, etc., with varying degrees of success. The three most commonly used at the present are concrete, buried plastic membrane, and compacted earth. Although not a type of lining, buried pipelines are also used extensively and among other advantages they reduce seepage losses very significantly. 相似文献
7.
Over four hundred vegetation samples were collected for total Hg determination as part of a biogeochemical survey in the Precambrian
Shield region near Huntsville, Ontario. An objective of the survey was to obtain accurate data describing the spatial and
temporal variation of Hg concentrations in vegetation. Five tree species, clubmosses, mosses, lichen and fungi were collected
along three transects each 8 to 10 km long. The samples were digested using a hot H2SO4/HNO3 mixture followed by cold-vapor AAS detection. Very low detection limits (less than 1.0 ng g−1) were achieved by performing the analyses in a clean, Hg-free laboratory. The Hg concentration of coniferous needles did
not vary significantly over eight weeks of the summer, but did vary significantly between first and second year growth. In
all tree species examined, Hg concentrations in needles/leaves were two to three times as high (by dry weight) as that in
twig tissue from the same branch. Differences in Hg content between tissues of different types and ages constituted a major
source of within-site variation between plants of the same species. 相似文献
8.
Khrimian A Klun JA Hijji Y Baranchikov YN Pet'ko VM Mastro VC Kramer MH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(22):6366-6370
Efficient syntheses of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol, a pheromone component of the Siberian moth, Dendrolimus superans sibiricus, and (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol, a pheromone component of various Lepidoptera pheromones, were accomplished by cis reduction of the corresponding enynols with activated zinc. The most energetic reagent was zinc galvanized with copper and silver (Zn/Cu/Ag) that achieved rapid and high-yield reduction in methanol-water. The stereoselectivity of semi-hydrogenation was > or =98%. A process whereby zinc dust was continuously activated throughout the reduction with an acid was also satisfactory (95-98% cis). Field evaluation of the 1:1 mixture of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal with the Siberian moth in Russia showed that the rubber septa pretreated with compound and stored at -80 degrees C were as effective as freshly treated septa. Moth responses to septa aged in open air indicated that lure effectiveness declined significantly after 2 weeks of aging. Thus, if rubber septa are used as pheromone dispensers in Siberian moth traps monitoring, they should be replaced biweekly with fresh septa for optimal trap effectiveness. 相似文献
9.
The regeneratable forms of pollutant metals in lake sediments were estimated using different chemical extractants and the effects of lake acidification on the mobilization of such metal fractions studied in laboratory microcosm. The release of each metal was found to increase exponentially below a threshold pH value, which was about 4.0 for Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd and Fe. The data suggest that a large percentage of pollutant metals are mobile as determined by chemical extraction techniques and long-term release experiments. 相似文献
10.
Previous measurements of the hydroxyl (OH-) ion content of the calcium phosphate crystals of bone mineral have indicated a substantial depletion or near-absence of OH-, despite its presumed status as a constituent of the hydroxyapatite lattice. Analytical methods for determining bone crystal OH- content have depended on procedures or assumptions that may have biased the results, such as chemical pretreatment to eliminate interference from the organic matrix. We demonstrate a two-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy technique that detects the proton spectrum of bone crystals while suppressing the interfering matrix signals, eliminating the need for specimen pretreatment other than cryogenic grinding. Results on fresh-frozen and ground whole bone of several mammalian species show that the bone crystal OH- is readily detectable; a rough estimate yields an OH- content of human cortical bone of about 20% of the amount expected in stoichiometric hydroxyapatite. This finding sheds light on the biochemical processes underlying normal and abnormal bone mineral metabolism. 相似文献