Limits of a simple model to predict yield losses in maize

In order to estimate yearly variations and accuracy of prediction of maize yield losses due to weeds, we used supplementary maize individuals that mimic weeds and reduce the experimental variability. Biomass decrease at various growth stages and grain yield losses of maize were interpreted through regression analyses in terms of density and biomass of supplementary individuals. Comparison of losses due to weeds and supplementary maize does not allow the calculation of equivalent weed-maize density or biomass at the same competitive effect. In most cases regression curves obtained in maize-maize experiments were different from one year to another. The use of results from several trials, previously published, on the effect of plant spacing on maize yield over a number of years also showed a large variation in predicted values, which confirmed the inaccuracy of an empirical predictive model using weed density and biomass. Limites d'un modèle simple de prédiction des pertes de rendement dans le maïs Afin d'évaluer les variations annuelles et l'incertitude liées à la prédiction des pertes de rendement dues aux mauvaises herbes chez le maäs, nous avons utilisé des pieds supplémentaires de maäs pour simuler les mauvaises herbes et réduire la variabilité expérimentale. Les pertes de biomasses à différents stades du développement et les pertes de rendement en grain ont été interprétées par des analyses de régression en fonction de eadensité et de la biomasse des plantes supplémentaires de maäs. La comparaison avec les pertes dues aux mauvaises herbes n'a pas permis d'aboutir à des fonctions de densité ou de biomasse équivalentes pour le même effet compétitif. Les régressions obtenues dans le système maäs-maäs ont été le plus souvent différentes d'une année à l'autre. L'utilisation des résultats de nombreux essais pluriannuels déjà publiés sur l'effet de la densité de semis sur le rendement du maäs a montréégalement une forte incertitude sur les valeurs prédites, ce qui confirme l'imprécision d'un modèle empirique de prédiction de la compétition fondé sur la densité et la biomasse des mauvaises herbes. Grenzen eines einfachen Modells zur Vorhersage von Ertragsverlusten beim Mais Zur Abschätzung der jährlichen Schwankungen und der Genauigkeit der Vorhersage von Ertragsverlusten beim Mais infolge Unkrautkonkurrenz wurden zusätzliche Maispflanzen eingesetzt, um die Wirkung von Unkräutern zu simulieren und die Versuchsgenauigkeit zu erhöhen. Die Abnahme der Biomasse in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien und die Ertragsverluste des Maises wurden anhand der Dichte und der Biomasse der zusätzlichen Maispflanzen regressionsanalytisch untersucht. Durch Vergleich der Verluste durch Unkräuter und zusätzliche Maispflanzen kann eine äquivalente Unkraut-Mais-Dichte oder -Biomasse für die gleiche Konkurrenzwirkung nicht gefunden werden. Von Jahr zu Jahr waren die Regressionskurven der Mais-Mais-Versuche meistens verschieden. Bei der Verarbeitung von früher veröffentlichten Ergebnissen aus verschiedenen Versuchen in einer Reihe von Jahren zur Wirkung der Pflanzdichte auf den Ertrag beim Mais zeigte sich ebenso eine groβe Variation der vorhergesagten Werte, wodurch die Ungenauigkeit eines empirischen Prognose-Modells auf der Grundlage von Unkrautdichte und -biomasse bestätigt wurde.     

Pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid in sea-bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L., 1758), after a single rapid intravascular injection

The pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid was studied in sea-bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). The fish were kept in seawater at 15.2°C with a 12 h/12 h photoperiod. Oxolinic acid was injected in the caudal vein of anaesthetized sea-bass in a single rapid intravascular administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma concentrations of oxolinic acid were determined using two analytical methods, a classic plate diffusion bioassay using Escherichia coli and a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using solid phase extraction with an internal standard and a U.V. detection. The mean recoveries were 99.6% and 110.8% and determination limits were 0.04 μg/mL and 0.02 μg/mL, for the bioassay and the HPLC respectively. Compared to other fish species, the oxolinic acid was rapidly (absorption half life, t_a1/2= 0.69 h) distributed to body tissues outside the blood volume (volume of central compartment, V_c= 0.4 L/kg) and presented a large volume of distribution (V_dss= 2.55 L/kg). Considering its disappearance from the central compartment (rate constant: central-eliminated, k ₁₀= 0.16 h^–1) and its total body clearance ( Cl _t= 0.066 L/kg.h), the elimination phase of the oxolinic acid in sea-bass was shorter than in trout kept in freshwater, and longer than in salmon in seawater. Consequently, the area under the concentration–time curve ( AUC = 157 μg.h/mL) and the mean residence time ( MRT = 42 h) were relatively low and short, respectively.     

Effects of dietary keto-carotenoids (canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) on the reproductive performance of female rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

The aim of this study was to clarify further the relationship between dietary keto-carotenoids (canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) and reproductive performance in female rainbow trout. Three experiments were undertaken in three successive breeding seasons. In addition to a control diet, fish were fed a canthaxanthin-supplemented diet (200 mg canthaxanthin kg⁻¹ feed, designated as 6mC200) for 6 months prior to spawning (experiment A); the same diet as in A but for either 3 months (3mC200) or 6 months (6mC200) before spawning (experiment B); diets with one of two levels of astaxanthin supplementation, 50 mg (6mA50) or 100 mg (6mA100) kg⁻¹ feed, or a diet with 100 mg canthaxanthin kg⁻¹ feed (6mC100) fed for 6 months (experiment C).
There was no significant influence of carotenoid supplementation on either the frequency of maturing females or the date of maturation. The number of ova per kg of female body weight averaged 2700 and did not vary significantly among fish fed the different diets. Across experiments A, B and C there was no significant difference in egg and larval survival among fish fed carotenoid-supplemented and control diets. In experiment A, 6mC200 females produced smaller eggs than controls but this result was not confirmed in experiments B and C. In general, eyed egg yield appeared partly dependent upon egg size. Alevin weight was also correlated with egg weight. The growth test conducted on fingerlings from experiment B failed to provide any evidence of an effect of feeding carotenoid supplemented diets to the female parent. Pigment analyses conducted on alevins revealed that canthaxanthin fed to the female parent was transferred into the eggs and therefore to the larvae, although canthaxanthin was metabolized within a few weeks after hatching.