Beitr?ge zur Kenntnis der chemischen Dorg?nge bei der Humuszersetzung im Walde

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Apple and pear peel and pulp and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets

The aim of this study was to assess the bioactive compounds of apple and pear peel and pulp in vitro and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in vivo. The antioxidant potentials measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), beta-carotene bleaching (beta-carotene), and nitric oxide inhibition radical scavenging (NO) tests in apple peel and pulp were significantly higher than in pear peel and pulp, respectively. The ethanol extract of apple peels showed the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation as a function of its concentration and was comparable to the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxyanisole. The pear pulp extract had the weakest antioxidant ability, whereas other extracts such as apple pulp and pear peel were nearly equal. The antioxidant activities comprised contributions from polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids and correlated well with polyphenols and flavonoids. The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities by DPPH, beta-carotene, and NO were as follows: 0.9207, 0.9350, and 0.9453. Contrarily, the correlation coefficient between the content of dietary fiber and the antioxidant activities test was low. The content of all studied indices in apple and pear peel was significantly higher than in peeled fruits (p < 0.05). Diets supplemented with fruit peels exercised a significantly higher positive influence on plasma lipid levels and on plasma antioxidant capacity of rats than diets with fruit pulps.     

Zur Kenntnis des Stickstoffhaushaltes streuberechter Waldb?den

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

1,3,5-Triazapenta-1,4-dienes: Chemical aspects of a new group of pesticides

1,3,5-Triazapenta-1,4-dienes of formula Ar? N?CH? N(R)? CH?N? Ar′, are a new group of biologically active compounds. Various general methods for their preparation are described and their physical and chemical properties, including stability over range of pHs, are discussed. The unsymmetrical 1,3,5-triaza-penta-1,4-dienes(Ar≠Ar′) are unstable; insolution, particularly, they equilibrate to the corresponding stable symmetrical analogues. Structure-activity relationships in laboratory tests against Boophilus microplus and Tetranychus urticae are discussed. Problems in the synthesis of ring-[¹⁴C]-amitraz,^b [1,5-di-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-1,3,5-triazapenta-l,4-diene], an active member of the group, are outlined.     

Dynamic use of coastal areas by bull sharks and the conciliation of conservation and management of negative human–wildlife interactions

1. Knowledge about spatial and temporal variability in the distribution and abundance of predators is necessary to adapt measures to mitigate human–wildlife interactions.
2. Acoustic telemetry and network analyses were used to investigate the spatial ecology of bull sharks, the species responsible for most shark bites in Reunion Island, one of the world's shark bite hotspots.
3. The west coast of the island was not used uniformly by every individual, with size predicting the movements of sharks along the coast.
4. Node-based metrics – closeness, node strength, and cumulated continuous residency times – derived from up to 181 monthly movement networks from 20 individuals, revealed that smaller sharks (<250 cm total length) primarily used the south-west coast while larger individuals spent most of their time in the northern region with regular visits to multiple areas along the coast.
5. This study provides essential knowledge on bull shark behaviour and central areas used at different periods of the year, which correlates well with the dynamics of observed shark bites. Our approach provides a non-invasive alternative to help predicting and anticipating human–shark conflicts and avoid shark culling programmes detrimental to the conservation of large predators such as sharks.

     

Synchronization of ovulation in brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill 1814) using emulsified d-Arg6Pro9NEt sGnRHa

Effects of physiological saline (PS)-dissolved or Freund′s incomplete adjuvant (FIA)-emulsified sGnRHa on the induction and advancement of ovulation in brook char were assessed. Two-year-old females were randomly divided into 5 groups. Groups A and B received intraperitoneal injection of FIA-emulsified sGnRHa (sGnRHa-FIA) at dosages of 50 and 25 μg kg^?1 body weight (BW), respectively. Females in group C were treated with a double injection (DI) of PS-dissolved sGnRHa (sGnRHa-PS) at 25 μg kg^?1 BW spaced 3 days apart. Fish in group D received a 25 μg kg^?1 BW single injection (SI) of sGnRHa-PS. Group E was established as a control group. After stripping, ovarian plasma pH level was measured, and an egg sample was taken from each female to record egg weight and diameter and survival to the eyed stage. Females in the GnRHa-treated groups ovulated significantly earlier than did females in the control group (P < 0.01). No significant differences were found among GnRHa-treated groups in ovulation dynamics and mean time to ovulation. Ovarian fluid pH was significantly higher in groups A, B, and C compared to control group E (P < 0.05). Significantly lower egg weight was found only in group B (P < 0.01), although all advanced groups tended to have lower egg weight than the control group. Egg diameters paralleled egg weight. Survival to the eyed stage was significantly higher in GnRHa-advanced groups compared to the control. A negative relationship was found between egg weight end eyed eggs percent (R ² = 0.26). No pre-spawning or post-spawning mortality was observed during a 6-month period. Neither sGnRHa-PS nor sGnRHa-FIA are associated with negative influences on the health of females. The sGnRHa-FIA injections proved to exhibit the same efficacy as the DI protocol with sGnRHa-PS. Although no statistical differences were found in ovulation dynamics, we do not recommend the use of SI with sGnRHa-PS in brook char.     

Beitr?ge zur Kenntnis der chemischen Vorg?nge bei der Humuszersetzung im Walde

Ohne Zusammenfassung