A Review on Decaffeination of Tea Products

Since caffeine possesses some well-unknown adverse effects,many attempts have been conducted to remove it from tea products,including selective extraction with different solvents,enzymatic degradation and inhibition the caffeine synthesis pathway.Reports showed that caffeine can be safely and efficiently removed from fresh tea leaves by hot water blanching,however this approach is not suitable for treating the rolled or dried leaves because of the unavoidable loss of catechins.Although microwave-enhanced vacuum ice water extraction can be used for decaffeination of dried tea,time consumption seems to be the main shortage of this method.Liquefied dimethyl ether might be used as another alternative solvent for selective extraction of caffeine from tea products because of its low toxicity and residum,but its decaffeination efficiency needs to be verified furthermore.It has been proved that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an effective approach for removing caffeine from different types of tea products,while the application of the technique is always limited as its expensive equipments and high running costs.Decaffeination with microbe incubation or enzymatic digestion is highly hopeful since many studies showed that some microorganisms can degrade the caffeine through induced demethylase and oxidase under gentle condition in some model systems,unfortunately,this approach is far away from application since security and quality of the decaffeinated products are rarely concerned.Low-caffeine tea products can be easily produced through normal manufacture by using the leaves harvested from some low-caffeine cultivars which are derived through genetic modification or conventional breeding,but these germplasms are very limited.     

柳杉毛虫幼虫食叶量的研究

通过对柳杉毛虫幼虫的饲养观察，测定出该虫龄期、取食量、死亡率等数据，为制定柳杉毛虫预测预报技术规程提供科学依据。     

耕作方式和氮肥用量对旱地小麦产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

【目的】明确旱地小麦增产提质和环境友好协同的耕作与氮肥组合模式。【方法】2016—2017年（欠水年）和2017—2018年（丰水年）,在豫西典型旱地小麦种植区设置夏闲季深松（ST,麦收后2周左右并隔年进行）和翻耕（PT,传统的7月底8月初等雨连年进行）2种耕作方式为主处理和小麦播种前施氮0（N0）、120 kg·hm^-2（N120）、180 kg·hm^-2（N180）和240 kg·hm^-2（N240）4个氮肥用量为副处理的二因素裂区田间定位试验,研究其对旱地小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量及其产量、植株氮素吸收利用和收获期0—200 cm土层硝态氮残留的影响。【结果】降水年型、耕作方式和氮肥用量及后二者互作对旱地小麦拔节后氮素积累量、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、氮效率和土壤硝态氮残留量均有显著影响。深松与翻耕相比,显著提高了拔节后植株氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量及N240下的氮收获指数,不同氮肥处理的平均氮肥吸收效率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高8.6%—15.3%、23.9%—86.5%、8.1%—26.1%和9.1%—20.3%,最终在不降低籽粒蛋白质含量的同时,使产量在欠水年和丰水年分别提高11.9%和12.4%,蛋白质产量提高12.4%和13.5%,收获期0—200 cm土层硝态氮残留量降低11.9%和25.4%。相同耕作方式下,随着氮肥用量的增加,植株氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量、花后氮素对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒蛋白质含量和收获期土壤硝态氮残留量显著增加,花前氮素对籽粒的贡献率、氮素籽粒生产效率、氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力逐渐降低,氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的变化因降水年型和耕作方式而异。从互作效应看,两年中STN240处理的植株氮素积累量最高,其产量和蛋白质产量（除欠水年与ST180处理外）、蛋白质含量（除丰水年与PTN240处理外）均显著高于其他处理,氮肥利用率及其丰水年的氮肥农学效率不低于或显著高于翻耕下的所有施氮处理,收获期的土壤硝态氮残留量较PT240处理降低16.4%。从整体效应看,翻耕配施氮肥180 kg·hm^-2可获得最高的籽粒产量以及较优的蛋白质产量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用率;深松配施氮肥240 kg·hm^-2可通过深松提高氮效率并降低土壤硝态氮残留,通过增加氮肥用量提高蛋白质含量,最终使产量和蛋白质产量较其他处理分别提高2.6%—45.0%和7.3%—81.4%。【结论】深松有利于提高旱地小麦产量、蛋白质产量和氮效率,降低土壤硝态氮残留,但其适宜的氮肥用量高于翻耕。翻耕配施氮肥180 kg·hm^-2是兼顾高产高效,深松配施氮肥240 kg·hm^-2是兼顾高产优质高效和低硝态氮残留的耕作与氮肥组合。