哈密瓜细菌性果斑病及其防治

内蒙古巴彦淖尔盟 1991年从新疆引种种植哈密瓜 ,1996年发现细菌性果斑病 ,近几年发生严重。巴盟地区 5月上旬播种哈密瓜 ,6月上旬见到病斑 ,7月份严重。小瓜表面见不到病斑 ,大瓜上病斑清楚可见。病菌在瓜上糖后进入瓜体内部 ,侵染瓜肉 ,成熟时腐烂。气候对病害发生有较大影响 ,干旱年份发病轻 ,高温、多雨潮湿年份发病重。品种抗病性有差异 ,感病的有皇后系列、86系列 ,抗病的有西域系列和甘密宝。栽培方式对发病有影响 ,起垄栽培发病轻 ,平地栽培发病重。该病为害叶片和果实。叶部病斑圆形至多角形 ,水浸状 ,灰白色 ,后期病斑中间变薄 ,…     

新疆哈密瓜细菌性病害病原菌研究

2000年6~8月间,从新疆北部哈密瓜主产区的病叶上分离到9个菌株,做了致病性测定,革兰氏染色、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应,DNAG+C的含量测定,鉴定确认这9个菌株为丁香假单胞菌黄瓜致病变种[Pseuodomonassyringaepv.Lachrymans(Smith and Bryan)Dye 1978],但致病症状存在差异,认为存在2个致病型。从病果上分离到 2个致病菌株,做了初步鉴定,可能是果斑病菌(Acidovoraxaxenaesubsp citrulli)。     

哈密瓜细菌性果斑病综合治理指南

20世纪80年代新疆和内蒙古哈密瓜开始发生细菌性果斑病犤Acidovoraxavenaesubsp.citrulliWillemsetal.1992(燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种)=Pseudomonaspseudoalcaligenessubsp.cit-rulliSchaadetal.1978(类产碱假单胞菌西瓜亚种)犦。已经证明哈密瓜种子带果斑病病菌,并通过雨水等传播。该病为害叶片和果实。病菌侵染瓜条,使瓜条失去商品价值。一般生产田发病率45%～100%。该病在新疆和内蒙古发生为害严重,经济损失巨大,并有上升趋势,对我国的哈密瓜及其他葫芦科作物的生产构成了严重威胁,已经成为限制和阻碍哈密瓜进一步发展的首要障碍。本病属于新…     

甜瓜细菌性果斑病科学防控技术

<正>甜瓜是深受消费者喜爱的瓜果之一,近年来随着种植业结构调整,甜瓜已成为很多地区脱贫致富的重要产业。但甜瓜生产常常受到多种病害的严重威胁,尤其是甜瓜细菌性果斑病的发生给瓜农带来重大的经济损失,并严重限制了该产业的可持续发展。甜瓜细菌性果斑病是由西瓜噬酸菌引起的毁灭性的种传性细菌性病害,因其具有破坏力强、危     

Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and the digestible and metabolizable energy content of dry extruded-expelled soybean meal and its effects on growth performance of pigs

We conducted three experiments to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids (Exp. 1), metabolizable and digestible energy (Exp. 2), and feeding value (Exp. 3) of dry extruded-expelled soybean meal with (DEH) or without (DENH) hulls compared with solvent-extracted soybean meal with hulls removed (SBMNH). Soybeans used to produce DEH were unadulterated prior to extrusion, but those used for DENH were dehulled prior to extrusion. In Exp. 1, six nonlittermate barrows (initially 39 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design digestion trial. Experimental diets (0.80% total lysine) were cornstarch-based and contained soybean meal from one of the three different sources as the sole source of lysine. Apparent ileal digestibilies of nutrients were similar (P > 0.10) for DEH and DENH. Apparent ileal digestibilies of CP, Lys, Ile, Leu, Arg, Phe, and Val were greater (P < 0.05) for DEH and DENH than for SBMNH. In Exp. 2, six barrows (initially 41 kg) were fed three corn-based diets containing 25% of one of the three soybean meal sources. A fourth diet was fed at the end of the trial containing all ingredients except soybean meal, so that energy values of the soybean meal could be determined by difference. Digestible energy and ME contents were similar (P > 0.10) for DEH and DENH and both had greater (P < 0.05) DE and ME contents than SBMNH. In Exp. 3, pigs (n = 216, initially 10.6 +/- 1.3 kg and 35 +/- 3 d of age) were blocked by weight and allotted to six dietary treatments. Corn-soybean meal-based diets (0.95% digestible lysine and 3.44 kcal/g ME) containing DEH or DENH were compared with similar diets containing SBMNH or solvent-extracted soybean meal with hulls (SBMH). In addition, a diet containing a second expelled soybean meal with hulls (ESBM) was compared with a diet containing SBMH and soy oil. Growth performance of pigs fed diets containing DEH or DENH was not different (P > 0.10) than that of pigs fed corresponding diets containing SMBH or SBMNH. Pigs fed ESBM had lower (P < 0.05) ADG and G/F compared with its corresponding SBMH and soy oil diet. In conclusion, DEH and DENH are more digestible than conventional soybean meal and can be successfully used in swine diets.     

Wolbachia in filarial nematodes: evolutionary aspects and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases

The presence of intracellular bacteria in the body of various species of filarial nematodes, including important parasites such as Brugia malayi, Dirofilaria immitis, and Onchocerca volvulus, was observed as early as the mid-1970s. These bacteria were shown to be transovarially transmitted (from the female worm to the offspring) and to be present in significant amounts in the body of the nematode. As highlighted by their discoverers, the potential importance of these bacteria is fairly obvious: (1) bacteria-derived molecules should be considered as having an immunological and pathological role in filarial diseases; (2) the interaction between the bacteria and the filarial host deserves investigation, in view of the possibility that the bacteria are needed by the host nematode and could thus represent a target for therapy. Other authors, independently from the discovery of these intracellular bacteria, showed that the antibiotic tetracycline (which is well known for its efficacy on intracellular bacteria) had detrimental effects on two species of filarial nematodes (Brugia pahangi and Litomosoides sigmodontis). It is therefore surprising that for more than 20 years, no further investigations focused on the bacteria of filarial nematodes, nor on the anti-filarial properties of tetracycline. Recently, the bacteria of filarial nematodes have been independently "rediscovered" by research groups from the schools of Hamburg, Liverpool and Milan. These bacteria are now classified as Wolbachia, and the basic aspects of their phylogenetic history and relationship with the Wolbachia of arthropods have been reconstructed. In addition, their implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases have started to be uncovered. This paper, which is authored by representatives of the three European schools who reopened this research area, reviews our present knowledge of these fascinating microorganisms, highlighting the complexity of a symbiotic system which involves, in addition to the nematode and its bacterium, the vertebrate host.     

Pneumocystosis associated with canine distemper virus infection in a mink

An adult mink from a farm experiencing 100% mortality in affected animals was submitted for diagnostic examination. Clinical history included signs of respiratory disease, oculonasal discharge, and thickening of footpads. Canine distemper virus and Pneumocystis carinii were identified in lung tissue, suggesting immunosuppresion and secondary infection due to morbillivirus disease.     

Evaluating processing temperature and feeding value of extruded-expelled soybean meal on nursery and finishing pig growth performance

We conducted two experiments comparing the use of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESoy) to solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets. In Exp. 1, the objective was to determine the optimal processing temperature of EESoy for nursery pig growth performance. Pigs (n = 330, 13.2 +/- 2.3 kg of BW) were fed a control diet containing SBM with added fat or one of five diets containing EESoy extruded at 143.3, 148.9, 154.4, 160.0, or 165.6 degrees C. All diets were formulated on an equal apparent digestible lysine:ME ratio. From d 0 to 20, no differences were observed (P > 0.32) in ADG or ADFI (average of 544 and 924 g/d, respectively). However, gain:feed ratio (G/F) improved (quadratic, P < 0.01, range of 0.56 to 0.60) with increasing processing temperature, with the greatest improvement at 148.9 degrees C. In Exp. 2, the objective was to determine the feeding value of EESoy relative to SBM with or without added fat for growing-finishing pigs in a commercial production facility. A total of 1,200 gilts (initially 24.5 +/- 5.1 kg of BW) was used, with 25 pigs per pen and eight replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial, with two sources of soybean meal (SBM or EESoy) and three levels of added fat. Pigs were phase-fed four diets over the experimental period and added fat (choice white grease) levels were 0, 3.4, and 7% initially, with the added fat levels decreasing in the next three dietary phases. Energy levels were based such that the higher energy in EESoy (with or without added fat) was calculated to be equal to that provided by SBM with added fat. From 24.5 to 61.2 kg, pigs fed EESoy had greater (P < 0.07) G/F than those fed SBM. Increasing added fat in either EESoy- or SBM-based diets increased G/F (linear, P < 0.0003). From 61.2 to 122.5 kg, ADG and G/F were unaffected in pigs fed EESoy and/or increasing added fat (P > 0.10). For the overall growing-finishing period, ADG was unaffected (P > 0.61) by increasing energy density of the diet; however, ADFI decreased (P < 0.05) and G/F increased (P < 0.02, range of 0.37 to 0.40) as energy density increased with either EESoy or added fat. Carcass leanness was not affected by dietary treatment. These results indicate that EESoy should be extruded at 148.9 to 154.4 degrees C, and that increasing dietary energy density by using EESoy and/or added fat improves feed efficiency in finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment.