Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

Bilateral intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy using 3-dimensional laparoscopy in a dog

A 7-month-old, intact male, mixed breed dog with bilateral inguinal hernias underwent general anesthesia for laparoscopic bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy via a 3-port approach. A 3-dimensional laparoscopic system was used to perform the procedure immediately following prescrotal open castration. Intracorporeal suturing with polypropylene was performed, and 2 cruciate sutures were placed to close each inguinal ring. The caudal aspect of each inguinal ring was left slightly open so as not to disrupt the passage or patency of vessels and nerves. No intra- or post-operative complications occurred. One year after surgery, the dog has no evidence of recurrence of the inguinal hernias.Key clinical message:This case report demonstrates a novel minimally invasive approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy in a dog with no reported complications and a good long-term outcome. Intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy is feasible in dogs with good results, although additional cases are needed to gain experience with this technique in dogs with varying presentations of inguinal hernias.     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

基于主成分分析的吸鱼泵对鱼类损伤评价方法

采用主成分分析法建立吸鱼泵的损伤综合评价方法,为吸鱼泵的研究与改进提供装备技术参数。使用真空吸鱼泵对鲫鱼进行吸捕试验,获取鱼体损伤数据。通过测定体表损伤面积比率、24 h存活率、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力、肌酐(Cr)含量等多个关键指标值,采用主成分分析法进行相关性分析,建立损伤综合评价模型。结果显示：采用主成分分析法提取出3个主成分的累积贡献率达到78.232%,可反映出鱼体损伤的大部分情况;损伤评价综合评价模型：F=0.285X₁+0.111X₂+0.316X₃+0.366X₄-0.118X₅+0.234X₆,真空吸鱼泵对鱼的体表和内脏无显著损伤情况,综合得分-0.102,与对照组接近,表明真空吸鱼泵对鱼的损伤影响很小。研究表明,SOD活力、白细胞数和体表损伤面积比率是对损伤评价影响较大的数据指标,采用主成分分析法建立的综合损伤评价模型可以作为评价鱼损伤情况的一种可行方法,为吸鱼泵的改进研究提供了有力参考。     

基于BERT+BiLSTM+CRF深度学习模型和多元组合数据增广的渔业标准命名实体识别

为解决渔业标准命名实体识别任务中部分实体语料分布稀疏导致的效果不佳问题,提出了基于多元组合数据增广(data augmentation method based on multiple combination,MCA)的渔业标准命名实体识别方法,该方法融合了基于领域词典的联合替换算法(joint replacement algorithm based on domain dictionary,DDR)、基于槽点保护的随机删除算法(random deletion algorithm based on slot protection,SPD)和基于槽点保护的随机插入算法(random insertion algorithm based on slot protection,SPI)进行语料库的数据增广,首先构建"水产品名称"同类词词典和领域同义词词典,通过两个词典分别对"水产品名称"类实体和随机词进行同类词替换和同义词替换,生成新的句子,以增加目标实体数量和句子的多样性,然后在基于槽点保护的情况下对原句子分别进行随机删除和随机插入操作,在保留实体及上下文特征的情况下进一步丰富语料的多样性,提高模型的泛化能力.结果表明,采用基于融合注意力机制的BERT+BiLSTM+CRF网络模型和多元组合数据增广方法进行渔业标准命名实体识别,准确率、召回率、F1值分别达到了91.73％、88.64％、90.16％,具有较好的效果.研究表明,基于多元组合数据增广的渔业标准命名实体识别方法有效解决了部分实体样本稀疏问题,提升了渔业标准命名实体识别的整体效果.     

低丘缓坡建设开发对水源涵养功能的影响

运用InVEST模型并结合实地调研结果,对云南10个典型低丘缓坡建设项目区开发前后生态系统水源涵养功能进行定量测算,比较分析不同类型项目区水源涵养功能的差异.结果表明,开发后项目区平均产水量和平均产水深度均低于开发前,城市建设区的产水总量高于工业区,下降程度也高于工业区;大部分项目区水源涵养总量均低于开发前,仅光华项目区水源涵养总量高于开发前,城市建设区的水源涵养总量高于工业区,工业区水源涵养量下降程度高于城市建设区;导致项目区开发前后水源涵养量变化的原因有土地利用结构、植被、地形、径流、降水、土壤等自然和人为因素,其中受土地利用类型影响较大;低丘缓坡开发导致区域生态环境受到干扰和破坏,但不同的开发模式和功能定位对其影响存在差异.因此在低丘缓坡开发过程中,应采取工程、监管、法律和经济等综合措施,实现低丘缓坡开发建设与生态保护的协调.