长期定位施肥对土壤养分与作物产量的影响

 【目的】研究探讨长期施用有机肥、化肥、有机无机结合等不同施肥条件下的作物增产效果与土壤养分演变规律。【方法】以在山东禹城连续22年的长期施肥定位试验为依据,对历年土壤养分和作物产量测试结果进行系统总结。试验采用冬小麦－夏玉米一年二熟栽培制度,分别设置①无肥对照,②常量有机肥无机肥配施,③常量有机肥,④常量化肥,⑤高量有机肥,⑥高量化肥,共6个施肥处理。【结果】在作物产量方面,试验之初的8～10年间表现为化肥对冬小麦的增产作用优于有机肥,而在夏玉米上则表现出相反结果,有机无机结合处理大部分年份作物产量处于较高水平;随着试验时间的延长,各施肥处理产量逐渐趋于一致;22年间土壤有机质含量始终表现出随有机肥施用量的增加而增高,且有逐年增长之趋势;化肥在提高土壤有机质、全氮等营养方面受生物产量和根茬残留量影响而与施肥量无明显关系,增施化肥可以迅速提高速效养分含量,并在一定水平上保持相对稳定。【结论】长期施用有机肥与化肥均表现出持续提高作物产量的良好作用,且二者效果不相上下,常规栽培条件下,当产量提高到一定水平后,继续高量施肥无助于作物产量的提高;有机肥与化肥均表现出持续提高土壤有机碳、氮含量之作用,有机肥效果明显优于化肥,且表现出随有机肥用量的增加而增加。而继续提高化肥施用量无助于土壤有机碳、有机氮的积累;一向被认为钾素含量的黄淮海平原土壤在连续施用氮磷化肥5～8年左右作物即表现明显缺钾现象,由此揭示出高产条件下氮磷钾平衡施肥的重要作用;在对提高土壤速效养分效果方面的差异表现在,化肥可以迅速提高速效养分含量并在这一水平上保持相对稳定,而有机肥则具有持续提高土壤速效养分含量的作用。     

Effects of Long-Term Combined Application of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Microbial Biomass, Soil Enzyme Activities and Soil Fertility

Soil health is important for the sustainable development of terrestrial ecosystem. In this paper, we studied the relationship between soil quality and soil microbial properties such as soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in order to illustrate the function of soil microbial properties as bio-indicators of soil health. In this study, microbial biomass C and N contents （Cmic ＆ Nmic）, soil enzyme activities, and soil fertility with different fertilizer regimes were carried out based on a 15-year long-term fertilizer experiment in Drab Fluvo-aquic soil in Changping County, Beijing, China. At this site, 7 different treatments were established in 1991. They were in a wheat-maize rotation receiving either no fertilizer （CK）, mineral fertilizers （NPK）, mineral fertilizers with wheat straw incorporated （NPKW）, mineral fertilizers with incremental wheat straw incorporated （NPKW＋）, mineral fertilizers plus swine manure （NPKM）, mineral fertilizers plus incremental swine manure （NPKM＋） or mineral fertilizers with maize straw incorporated （NPKS）. In different fertilization treatments Cmic changed from 96.49 to 500.12 mg kg^-1, and Nmic changed from 35.89 to 101.82 mg kg^-1. Compared with CK, the other treatments increased Cmic ＆ Nmic, Cmic/Corg （organic C） ratios, Cmic/Nmic, urease activity, soil organic matter （SOM）, soil total nitrogen （STN）, and soil total phosphorus （STP）. All these properties in treatment with fertilizers input NPKM＋ were the highest. Meantime, long-term combined application of mineral fertilizers with organic manure or crop straw could significantly decrease the soil pH in Fluvo-aquic soil （the pH around 8.00 in this experimental soil）. Some of soil microbial properties （Cmic/Nmic, urease activity） were positively correlated with soil nutrients. Cmic/Nmic was significantly correlated with SOM and STN contents. The correlation between catalase activity and soil nutrients was not significant. In addition, except of catalase act     

长期不同施肥条件下土壤微生物量及 土壤酶活性的季节变化特征

研究长期不同施肥条件下褐潮土微生物量碳（SMBC）、微生物量氮（SMBN）和土壤酶活性随季节的变化特征。结果表明,长期施肥条件下土壤SMBC、SMBN含量及土壤酶活性均表现出一定的季节变化。SMBC、SMBN含量在各施肥处理中的顺序为:化肥与猪厩肥配施处理（NPKM）化肥配施玉米秸秆处理（NPKS）单施化肥处理（NPK）不施肥处理（CK）,各处理之间差异显著(P0.05);施肥还显著提高了土壤脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,有机无机配施的高于单施化肥的。除过氧化氢酶活性随季节变化显著下降外,SMBC、SMBN、酶活性的值一般在夏季（6月到8月）较高。通过双因素单变量方差分析表明,不同施肥制度与季节变化对SMBC、SMBN与酶活性的影响分别达极显著水平（P0.01）,不同施肥制度的SMBC、SMBN与酶活性的季节波动有极显著不同（P0.01）。