The duration of lot-feeding of sheep before sea transport

Adult wethers (n = 750) were lot-fed for 13 days, 8 days or 3 days before a simulated voyage lasting 18 days to examine whether the period of lot-feeding affected the proportion of sheep that ate pelleted feed and their body weight change during simulated shipping. There was no significant difference in the proportion of non-feeders between treatment groups on days 7 and 14 of the voyage. Body weights were not significantly different between the treatment groups on days 14 and 18 of the voyage. Overall body weight loss, from the farm to the end of simulated shipping, was 4.08 kg (+/- 0.28, s.e.m.), 4.58 kg (+/- 0.28) and 4.51 kg (+/- 0.28) in sheep lot-fed for 13 days, 8 days and 3 days, respectively, and was not significantly different between treatments. It was concluded that lot-feeding for 13 days conferred no advantage in body weight or numbers of non-feeders compared with shorter periods in this study.     

Congenital cardiac disease in dogs

Pulmonic stenosis is caused by a malformed pulmonic valve, stricture of the right ventricular outflow tract or stricture of the pulmonary artery. English Bulldogs, Beagles, Samoyeds, Fox Terriers and Chihuahuas are predisposed. Clinical signs in severely affected dogs include exercise intolerance, stunting, dyspnea, syncope and ascites. Auscultation reveals a high-frequency, crescendo-decrescendo murmur during systole, loudest over the left side of the thorax, near the sternal cardiac border. An ECG may reveal a right-axis deviation of greater than 120 degrees, S waves in leads I, II and III, deep S waves in CV6LL, CV6LU and V10, Q waves deeper than 0.5 mv in leads II, III and AVF, and positive T waves in lead V10. Plain film LAT thoracic radiographs reveal an elevated carina, increased sternal contact of the heart, loss of the cranial cardiac waist and a widened cardiac silhouette, with normal pulmonary vasculature. A DV projection reveals an inverted "D" shape of the right ventricle and a pulmonary artery bulge. A nonselective angiocardiogram reveals poststenotic dilation of the main pulmonary artery. Treatment involves surgical correction of the stenosis.     

Retroperitoneal fibrosis in four cats following renal transplantation

Four cats developed fibrosis within the retroperitoneal space following renal transplantation. In human transplant patients, retroperitoneal fibrosis is an uncommon complication following surgery and may be secondary to operative trauma, infection, deposition of foreign material in the operative field, urinary extravasation, and perirenal hemorrhage caused by trauma to the allograft. Possible causes of fibrosis in the cats of this report include abdominal inflammation associated with allograft rejection, pyelonephritis, and septic peritoneal effusion. All of the cats of this report were readmitted to the veterinary teaching hospital following renal transplantation because of recurrence of azotemia 1 to 5 months after transplantation. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 2- to 4-mm-thick capsule surrounding the allograft in 2 of 4 cats, hydronephrosis in 4 cats, and hydroureter proximally in 2 cats. An exploratory laparotomy was performed in all cats to remove the fibrotic tissue causing the ureteral obstruction. Normal renal function was restored in all cats following surgery. Histologic evaluation of biopsy specimens revealed smooth muscle (3 cats) and fibrous connective tissue (4). All 4 cats, regardless of the cause, responded well to surgical resection of the scar tissue that was causing a ureteral obstruction. None of the cats had recurrence of obstruction following surgery.     

Hypercalcemia following renal transplantation in a cat

An 11-year-old 3.0-kg (6.6-lb) neutered male Persian was referred for renal transplantation. Serum total calcium concentration was slightly high prior to surgery, but the week after surgery, total and ionized calcium concentrations were extremely high, and a small mass was palpable on the right side of the trachea at the level of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Exploratory surgery of the ventral aspect of the neck was performed, and a right external parathyroid mass was removed. One hour after surgery, the serum ionized calcium concentration was within reference limits, and the serum calcium concentration remained normal for the next 14 months without any specific treatment. The gross and histologic appearance of the mass, combined with the rapid decrease in serum calcium concentration following its removal, confirmed that the mass was a functional parathyroid adenoma. Although a common postoperative complication in people, hypercalcemia following renal transplantation appears to be a rare complication in cats. Surgery should be considered if the condition is a result of a parathyroid adenoma.     

Hepatic microvascular dysplasia in dogs: a retrospective study of 24 cases (1987-1995)

Hepatic microvascular dysplasia (HMD) is a disease involving a microscopic shunting of blood through the liver without the presence of a macroscopic portosystemic shunt (PSS). Data was collected from medical records and telephone conversations with referring veterinarians and owners of 24 dogs diagnosed with HMD. Criteria for diagnosis included histopathological evidence of microvascular dysplasia on hepatic biopsy as well as surgical exploration and a normal mesenteric portogram to rule out a macroscopic PSS. Dogs with HMD frequently have less severe clinical signs and a better long-term prognosis than do those with a PSS that are managed medically.     

Unguided bronchoalveolar lavage techniques and residual effects in dogs

Objectives To investigate the use of unguided bronchoalveolar lavage techniques in dogs without fibreoptic bronchoscopy, using an adapted single vascular catheter and a double-lumen catheter made from two single vascular catheters.
Animals Sixty-nine dogs were examined with the single-catheter technique and 110 dogs with the double-catheter technique.
Design A prospective study.
Procedure Sixty-nine and 220 samples, collected with the single catheter and the double catheter respectively, were examined cytologically Lungs of 69 dogs were examined grossly and histologically. Radiographic examination was performed on 11 dogs.
Results The double-catheter technique produced samples with significantly higher cellularity (P < 0.01) and fewer red blood cells (P < 0.01) than the single-catheter technique. Repeat samples collected with a double catheter were not significantly different (P > 0.01) in any value. A reference range for nucleated cell counts of 62 to 1210 – 10⁶/L was calculated from 57 clinically and histologically normal dogs. The major residual effects of the technique were localised pulmonary oedema, and alveolar distension with collapse and congestion of distant parenchyma. Thoracic radiographs revealed increased lung opacity for at least up to 7 h after the procedure.
Conclusions The cellularity of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained was adequate and sufficient fluid was retrieved when the single catheter was located in a proper position. However, the double catheter obtained better samples more quickly and easily, with less damage to the respiratory tract.     

Management of inappetant sheep during export by sea

In the first of 2 experiments, a simulated voyage was conducted to examine the effects of various treatments on bodyweight change and feeding frequency of inappetant sheep at the end of lot-feeding (non-feeders). The treatments, applied during simulated shipping, were: normal quantities of feed and length of troughs; extra trough length; extra feed. Adult Merino wethers (n = 108) were used in each treatment. A voyage to the Middle East was then conducted to establish whether shipboard mortality could be reduced by separating non-feeders (n = 305) from feeders (n = 5,620) late in the feedlot hase and housing the groups separately aboard ship. A control group of non-feeders (n = 215) mixed with feeders (n = 5,732) was used for comparison. Bars (marker bars), containing a coloured dye, were attached to feed troughs to mark sheep that fed. Most non-feeders (82%) began eating when placed in shipping pens in both studies. However, there was no significant difference in percentage of sheep that fed between non-feeders given extra trough length or extra feed compared with non-feeders given standard management at any stage of simulated shipping. There was no significant difference in mean bodyweights between treatment groups on days 1, 8 and 15 of simulated shipping. Differences in bodyweight on d 22 were probably associated with different levels of gut fill. Death rates were not significantly different in separated and control groups (1.1%, 0.9%, P = 0.6) in the voyage of 14 d to the Middle East.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)