Production of transgenic adult plants from clementine mandarin by enhancing cell competence for transformation and regeneration

Genetic transformation of mature trees is difficult because adult tissues are recalcitrant to Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and transformation and because transgenic mature events are less competent for regeneration. We have shown that reinvigoration allows manipulation of the vegetative phase to increase the potential for transformation and regeneration without loss of competence for flowering and fruiting. To produce transgenic plants from clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tanaka), we optimized the conditions of the source material both ex vitro and in vitro. Grafting of mature buds on juvenile rootstocks in the spring and preventing multiple bud sprouting by removing all but one bud permitted selection of vigorous first flushes for in vitro culture. Use of additional virulence genes from A. tumefaciens to increase transformation frequency and optimization of culture media and conditions to enhance explant cell competence for T-DNA integration and organogenesis resulted in efficient and reliable transgenic plant production. Transformed regenerants from explants, cultured in media without antibiotics, were identified by a screenable marker (either beta-glucuronidase or green fluorescent protein (GFP)), creating the possibility of generating transgenic clementine plants without antibiotic resistance marker genes. Stable integration of foreign genes was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis, and expression of these foreign genes was confirmed by detection of GFP fluorescence in leaves, floral organs and fruits of the transgenic plants.     

Antibacterial activity of fresh flower heads of Chrysantemum coronarium

The antibacterial activity of the methylene chloride and methanol extracts of Chrysantemum coronarium fresh flower heads was investigated. The methylene chloride extract showed discrete antimicrobial activity.     

关于延吉市城市林业建设问题的几点建议

结合我国城市林业发展趋势及延吉市城市林业建设现状,提出了在推动延吉龙井图们经济一体化和吉林省东部中心城市发展过程中,要确立城市林业的重要地位、加快城市林业发展步伐、编制好城市林业规划、建设好全市森林生态网络体系、提高市民生态意识、加大城市林业建设投入、完善城市林业法律法规的建议。     

Uleine and demethoxyaspidospermine from the bark of Plumeria lancifolia

The isolation of (+)-uleine (1) and (+)-demethoxyaspidospermine (2) from the bark of Plumeria lancifolia is reported along with (1)H- and (13)C-NMR data.     

Variations in growth, survival and carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) among Pinus pinaster populations of different geographic origins

To evaluate differences in growth and adaptability of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.), we studied growth, polycyclism, needle tissue carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) as an estimate of water-use efficiency (WUE) and survival of seven populations at 10 years of age growing in a performance trial at a provenance test site in Escaroupim, Portugal. Six populations were from relatively high rainfall sites in Portugal and southwestern France (Atlantic group), and one population was from a more arid Mediterranean site in Spain. There were significant differences between some populations in total height, diameter at breast height, delta(13)C of bulk needle tissue, polycyclism and survival. A population from central Portugal (Leiria, on the Atlantic coast) was the tallest and had the lowest delta(13)C. Overall, the variation in delta(13)C was better explained by the mean minimum temperatures of the coldest month than by annual precipitation at the place of origin. Analyses of the relationships between delta(13)C and growth or survival revealed a distinct pattern for the Mediterranean population, with low delta(13)C (and WUE) associated with the lowest growth potential and reduced survival. There were significant negative correlations between delta(13)C and height or survival in the Atlantic group. Variation in polycyclism was correlated with annual precipitation at the place of origin. Some Atlantic populations maintained a high growth potential while experiencing moderate water stress. A detailed knowledge of the relationships between growth, survival and delta(13)C in contrasting environments will enhance our ability to select populations for forestry or conservation.     

Trypanocidal activity of extracts and fractions of Bertholletia excelsa

Crude extracts and fractions of Bertholletia excelsa stem barks were tested for trypanocidal activity. Acetone and methanol extracts showed significant in vitro trypanocidal activity against trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi since in the concentration of 500 microg/ml, the parasites were reduced in 100% and 90.3% respectively, whereas the triterpene betulinic acid pure isolated from hexane extract presented 75.4%.     

Effects of two iron sources on iron and cadmium allocation in poplar (Populus alba) plants exposed to cadmium

Effects of 10 microM cadmium (supplied as Cd nitrate) on the utilization and allocation of iron (Fe) were investigated in poplar (Populus alba L.) plants grown in nutrient solution with Fe(III)-EDTA or Fe(III)-citrate as the Fe source. The effects of Cd were also compared with those of Fe deprivation. The accumulation of Fe in roots was 10-fold higher in plants grown with Fe-citrate than with Fe-EDTA. Cadmium decreased leaf chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic rates, and these decreases were more marked in plants grown with Fe-citrate than with Fe-EDTA. In both Fe treatments, addition of Cd caused large increases in root and shoot apoplasmic and non-apoplasmic Cd contents and increases in root Fe content; however, Cd decreased shoot Fe content, especially in plants grown with Fe-citrate. New leaves of plants grown with Fe-citrate had small cellular (non-apoplasmic) Fe pools, whereas these pools were large in new leaves of plants grown with Fe-EDTA. Non-apoplasmic Cd pools in new leaves were smaller in plants grown with Fe-citrate than with Fe-EDTA, indicating that inactivation of non-apoplasmic Cd pools is facilitated more by Fe-EDTA than by Fe-citrate. In the presence of Cd, Fe-EDTA was also superior to Fe-citrate in maintaining an adequate Fe supply to poplar shoots. Differences in plant responses to Fe-EDTA and Fe-citrate may reflect differences in long-distance transport of Fe rather than in acquisition of Fe by roots.     

甘蔗实现减量施肥的理论与实践

长期来,我区甘蔗生产施肥具有施肥量大、肥料利用率低和施肥成本高等特点,除地租外,甘蔗施肥占甘蔗生产成本40%-50%。近年的研究结果指出,选择适合的肥料类型、采用正确的施肥位置、施用时间和施肥量等是降低甘蔗施肥成本的技术关键;选用富含腐殖酸的肥料有机-无机复合肥能显著提高甘蔗对肥料的利用率,同时肥效长,能满足甘蔗一次性追肥的需要;甘蔗减量30%-40%施肥量,能维持在亩产6-8吨的生产水平;为此,甘蔗种植区推荐亩施肥量:亩产原料蔗6-8吨,施N 18-20公斤,P2O56-7公斤,K2O 16-18公斤;有灌溉条件的甘蔗亩产原料蔗12-16吨,施N 23-28公斤,P2O58-9公斤,K2O 21-25公斤;基肥在开行沟后,占总施肥量10%;追肥在苗齐后施用。     

赤红壤蔗区11年连续增量施磷下磷素演变及其 对甘蔗产量与磷流失的影响

【目的】 系统分析连续11年增量施磷下赤红壤蔗地土壤全磷、Olsen-P以及地表径流磷流失量的变化特征和土壤磷素变化与磷盈亏、蔗茎产量的响应关系,为土壤磷素科学管理提供参考。【方法】 依托长期肥力及地表径流定位监测试验（2008年—）,选取不施肥（CK）、推荐施肥（OPT）和增量施磷（OPT+P）3个处理,测定土壤全磷、Olsen-P含量及地表径流磷流失量,分析土壤磷素变化与磷累积盈亏量的关系,采用Mitscherlich模型拟合蔗茎产量对Olsen-P的响应曲线,计算土壤Olsen-P农学阈值,并推算施肥处理土壤Olsen-P含量从第11年降至环境阈值所需的时间。【结果】 CK处理逐年降低土壤全磷含量,年降速率为0.0251 g·kg ^-1·a ^-1。施肥土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量随种植年限波动增加,土壤全磷和Olsen-P增速率OPT+P处理高于OPT处理。不施肥土壤表观磷盈亏10.2 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1,施肥处理土壤表观磷盈余41.3—69.2 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1,占施磷量的31.9%—35.6%,以OPT+P处理显著高于OPT处理67.5%。施肥下赤红壤蔗区土壤全磷和Olsen-P变化量均与土壤累积磷盈亏量呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,OPT处理和OPT+P处理土壤全磷上升0.06 g·kg ^-1和0.09 g·kg ^-1,Olsen-P 含量上升11.0 mg·kg ^-1和9.1 mg·kg ^-1。土壤每累积亏缺100 kg P·hm ^-2,CK处理土壤全磷下降0.32 g·kg ^-1。Mitscherlich模型较好地拟合蔗茎产量与赤红壤Olsen-P含量的响应关系（P＜0.01）。其计算出的土壤Olsen-P 农学阈值为12.1 mg·kg ^-1。施肥显著提高地表径流磷流失量,且OPT+P处理也显著高于OPT处理。地表径流磷流失量与土壤Olsen-P含量显著正相关。基于土壤磷素变化与累积磷盈亏的关系推算得出第11年OPT和OPT+P处理Olsen-P水平降至环境阈值的时间分别需要12年和16年。 【结论】 在南方赤红壤区,施肥尤其增量施磷在提高土壤磷素累积的同时增加了地表径流磷流失风险。在本试验磷的基础养分条件下,按OPT处理施磷,并从甘蔗种植的第2—3年实行隔年施磷可维持土壤磷素处于农学阈值与环境阈值之间。     

Genetic Diversity of Peanut Core Collection from US Using Simple Sequence Repeats

Groundnut is a member of genus Arachis and the crop is divided into two subspecies and six botanical varieties based on morphological characteristics （Krapovickas and Gregory, 1994）. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics （ICRISAT） holds more than 14 000 groundnut accessions from which a core collection of 1 704 have been developed （Upadhyaya et al., 2003）. Holdbrook et al. （1993） developed a groundnut core collection of 831 accessions from a total of 7 432 US groundnut accessions based on morphological characteristics. The large number and variability of accessions in GenBanks create problems in knowing which germplasm to select for breeding purpose. Only a few established cultivars and elite breeding lines have been utilised in breeding programmes. A core collection is a fraction of accessions from the entire collection which represent most of the available genetic diversity of the species. A core collection can extensively be evaluated and information derived from them can be applied to the whole collection. Identification of DNA markers associated with the botanical varieties of groundnut would be useful in genotyping, germplasm management and evolutionary studies.