Combining multi-source data to explore a mechanism for the effects of micrometeorological elements on nutrient variations in paddy land water

Paddy land plays a key role in global crop production. Thus, paddy land water is a potential source of nitrogen and phosphorus; both nutrients largely contribute to non-point source pollution because they usually vary closely with micrometeorological elements (MEs) during the growth period. However, few studies have focused on the mechanism of co-variation between nutrients and MEs at the field scale. The relationships between nutrients in the paddy land water and MEs as well as soil water content, soil temperature, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are still unclear. In this paper, an in situ experiment was designed to obtain 5 years of meteorological data and nutrient data (nitrogen and phosphorus); the size of the experiment plot is in accordance with the spatial resolution of NDVI data. Multi-source meteorological and satellite data were integrated to explore the mechanism of co-variation. The results show that precipitation, air temperature, and solar radiation are the three MEs significantly affecting the nitrogen concentration in the paddy land water during the growth period. The air temperature is the most important ME influencing the phosphorus concentration. At the same time, the NDVI, as an effective indicator of the photosynthetic potential of rice used to explore the relationship between nutrients, has a prominent influence on soluble nutrients, especially on dissolved phosphorus. These findings could significantly improve our understanding about the responses of paddy land nutrients during the growth period to the surrounding drivers, inclusive of MEs, soil water, soil temperature, and NDVI. Undoubtedly, it is a potentially helpful means to monitor the sources of non-point pollution.     

农药有效利用率与喷雾技术优化

提高农药的有效利用率是植保工作者非常关心的问题。本文阐述了农药有效利用率的广义和狭义涵义,并分析了农药使用中存在的药剂浪费、有效利用率低的问题。根据喷雾技术中的“剂量传递”过程,分析了农药有效利用率的狭义涵义,在春季果园和作物苗期,常规喷雾法的农药有效利用率只有20%~30%;在夏秋季果园和作物中后期,随着作物叶面积系数（LAI）的增加,农药的有效利用率可达到50%~60%。论文分析了造成农药有效利用率低的原因,提出喷雾技术的优化措施：（1）大田喷雾时采用机动喷杆喷雾替代背负式手动常规喷雾,可以改善雾滴沉积分布的均匀性;（2）添加喷雾助剂可以提高药液在靶标表面的润湿性;（3）优化雾滴粒径,采用细雾滴替代粗雾滴可以提高雾滴的中靶率;（4）降低施药液量可以减少药液流失;（5）加装挡板可以减少雾滴飘失等。通过以上技术的优化,可以大幅度提高农药的有效利用率,达到减量增效的目的。     

大豆色拉油包水乳化液乳化技术研究

目前在生物医学领域已进行了白蛋白及胰岛素的控制释放的壳聚糖/海藻酸钠微胶囊研究，但其制备方法仅适合于实验室生产。用标准乳化剂确定了油水体系的HLB值，用油水体系的HLB值确定了单甘油酯的HLB值。以HLB值为依据，考虑乳化剂分子的结构、分子量及亲水亲油基的种类，选择乳化剂配对,讨论了不同乳化剂配对乳化效率的机理，探讨了选择乳化剂配对的方法，研究了乳化过程参数对乳化效率的影响。试验结果表明：最佳的乳化工艺参数是乳浊液配方为5.5 g复合乳化剂：7.2 g大豆色拉油：47.2 g水溶液, 搅拌时间为20 min,搅拌转速1000 r/min。该研究是大规模制备壳聚糖/海藻酸钠微胶囊的基础工作。     

甘薯脱毒苗病毒嫁接检测技术研究

对脱毒茎尖苗嫁接检测方法进行了研究。结果表明 :以巴西牵牛作为砧木指示植物 ,其播种嫁接时间可在春秋两季进行 ,在砧木的 1～ 6片真叶期均可采用插接法和靠接法进行嫁接检测。     

Virus infections of the European Eel in North Rhine Westphalian rivers

Viral infections have been suggested to play a role in the decline of the panmictic population of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). However, despite the importance of knowledge about pathogenic eel viruses, little is known about their spread in the wild European eel population and only a few eel pathogenic viruses have been described so far. In this study, we aimed to investigate the health status of the A. anguilla stock in North Rhine Westphalia (NRW) State of Germany. For this purpose, we examined tissue samples of 16 elvers, 100 yellow eels and 6 silver eels, sampled from the rivers Rhine, Lippe and Ems. Virus detection was performed via a combination of cell culture and PCR. Next to the detection of frequently encountered pathogenic eel viruses (anguillid herpesvirus 1 and eel virus European X (EVEX)), we isolated the eel picornavirus 1 (EPV-1) from tissue of yellow eels and elvers and demonstrate the distribution of EPV-1 in wild eel population in NRW.     

栝楼丛生芽快繁体系的建立

利用栝楼的嫩芽作为外植体,进行离体组织培养,通过正交试验选择最适pH值和激素浓度,筛选出栝楼丛生芽的最适诱导培养基。结果表明,消毒时间为3 min时外植体损伤较小;pH为5.8的培养基外植体长势旺盛;3号芽诱导培养基丛生芽比较旺盛;2号生根培养基得到的根多且壮。栝楼丛生芽的快速繁殖体系为:0.1%HgCl2溶液外植体表面消毒3 min;丛生芽诱导的最适pH为5.8;最佳芽诱导培养基为:MS+0.5mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA;最佳芽生根培养基为:MS+0.2 mg/L NAA。     

新棉安的开发及其展望

新棉安英名HAPOV是一种新型多价体昆虫病毒微生物杀虫剂,经新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州农业科学研究所领衔研制,先后完成了两代产品。第一代新棉安是以棉铃虫核多角体病毒新疆株及苜蓿夜蛾核多角体病毒为模心制成,能防治三种实夜蛾害虫。而第二代新棉安,添加了惊纹地老虎颗粒体病毒抗原,较第一代新棉安治虫谱有所扩大一剂兼治六种害虫.由湖北省国营蒋湖微生物研究所承制。产品经多种实验动物分别以口服、滴鼻、涂皮、静注等途径进行安全性试验,结果表明无毒,符合卫生标准,实验动物内脏悬液经电镜检查不带传染病,LD_(50)约512mg/Kg。经1988～1991年在棉田及罐藏番茄田14566.7ha面积中试,创社会经济效益6233986.80元,而且取得显著的生态效益,蚜虫与天敌之比,由防治前的31∶1,经20d后降低至5.5∶1,而使用化学杀虫剂(灭扫利加敌敌畏)则由32∶1上升至307∶1。     

两级回流生物膜工艺处理农村生活污水效果

针对农村生活污水低碳高氮磷特点,研究两级回流连续曝气生物膜工艺处理农村生活污水的效果和机理。在平均处理量90t/d、水力停留时间为3.0d,稳定运行12个月结果表明,该工艺对化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、全氮、全磷和悬浮物的平均去除率分别为75.7%、84.8%、69.2%、68.0%、58.9%和87.9%;出水化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、全氮、全磷和悬浮物的平均质量浓度分别在51.0、15.8、10.8、16.5、2.3和15.7mg/L以下,满足天津市农村污水处理厂排水标准,改造后工艺运行更加稳定,出水NH3-N和TN有明显改善,符合农村污水处理要求。     

重组鹿肉制品的加工特性

该文以不同营养、风味和加工特性的鹿肉和猪肉为原料,加非肉蛋白等营养强化物质,借谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG)的粘合交联作用研制营养风味俱佳的重组鹿肉制品.单因素试验得出各因素对重组特性(剪切力、拉伸强度和蒸煮损失)的影响:TG-B(含1%TG、99%蛋白质)作用效果优于TG-A(含0.5%TG、99.5%蛋白质);大豆蛋白对重组特性和品质的作用效果优于脱脂麦胚蛋白、乳清蛋白、酪蛋白酸钠等非肉蛋白;TG-B的作用温度和时间、食盐和复合磷酸盐对嫩度和持水性的影响显著.借因子分析法和Plackett-Burman(PB)设计筛选出影响肉制品重组效果的主要因素为TG-B作用温度、食盐和大豆蛋白;运用中心组合设计和响应曲面分析优化出重组肉制品的最佳工艺参数为TG-B 0.5%、复合磷酸盐0.4%、食盐2%、大豆蛋白4.1%、42℃反应30 min、80℃灭酶20 min.     

浅析如何激发农业科技人才的内生动力 ——以A农科院为例

农业科技人才是实现农业农村现代化的主体,A农科院一直重点关注提升农业科技人才的内生动力.以A农科院为例,分析了限制农业科技人才发展的主要问题,提出通过健全成果转化体系,实现成果转化价值;创新人才教育培养模式,系统全面规划人才培养;完善人才管理机制,拓宽人员晋升渠道;建立人才评价体系,激励人员工作热情来激发农业科技人才的内生动力.