Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

Mapping and validation of the quantitative trait loci for leaf stay‐green‐associated parameters in maize

Functional stay‐green is generally regarded as a desirable trait of varieties in major crops including maize. In this study, we used an F_3:4 recombinant inbred line population with 165 lines from a cross between a stay‐green inbred line (Zheng58) and a model inbred line (B73) using 211 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers to map quantitative trait loci for three stay‐green‐associated parameters, chlorophyll content, photosystem II photochemical efficiency and stay‐green area, at maturity stage, detected a total of 23 quantitative trait loci (QTL) on nine chromosomes. Single QTL explained 3.7–13.5% of the phenotypic variance. Additionally, we validated some important stay‐green QTL using a heterogeneous inbred family approach and found that the stay‐green‐associated parameters were significantly correlated with the plant yield. This study may contribute to a better insight into the regulatory mechanism behind leaf stay‐green in maize and a novel development of elite maize varieties with delayed leaf senescence through molecular marker‐assisted selection.     

土-桩-结构系统运动方程的求解方法

土－结构动力相互作用分析的子结构法中，土－结构系统运动方程的刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵与频率相关。工程中通常采用系统的基本频率来计算地基的动力阻抗以简化运动方程的求解。对于土－桩－结构系统，本文提出一种时域中的精确解法来考察这种近似解法的有效性。     

地基—筒体结构的地震反应分析

采用子结构法对地基－高层筒体结构进行地震反应分析，地基阻抗采用拟合数值结果得到的近似公式，上部结构采用有限条法计算结构侧向刚度矩阵，综合考虑基础与结构的动力平衡条件导出地基－结构耦合系统的运动方程，文中对一栋２１层筒中筒结构进行了地震反应分析，讨论了不同场地，不同地震输入以及基础埋深等因素对结构地震反应的影响。     

诊断桑树黄化型萎缩病的新方法

本文探讨利用瑞氏染色法和旦尼氏染色法诊断桑树黄化型萎缩病的可能性。试验结果表明,用此方法,在病株枝条或主根的横切面上,韧皮部的病原寄生部位被染成兰色或青色,呈阳性反应,健株组织切片的韧皮部则不着色,呈阴性反应。可作为桑黄化型萎缩病病株的实验诊断手段。     

用组织培养法保存、增殖桑黄化型萎缩病病原的研究

取岛桑（ＭｏｒｕｓａｃｉｄｏｓａＧｒｉｆｆ）苗茎尖进行组培脱毒，昆虫介体接种病原，继代培养，获得无休眠期的标准桑黄化型萎缩病株和病原类菌原体驯化株。通过对ＭＳ培养基成分的调节，可以批量繁殖病株和类菌原体。     

Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety

Benzodiazepine tranquilizers are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. To identify the molecular and neuronal target mediating the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepines, we generated and analyzed two mouse lines in which the alpha2 or alpha3 GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors, respectively, were rendered insensitive to diazepam by a knock-in point mutation. The anxiolytic action of diazepam was absent in mice with the alpha2(H101R) point mutation but present in mice with the alpha3(H126R) point mutation. These findings indicate that the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepine drugs is mediated by alpha2 GABAA receptors, which are largely expressed in the limbic system, but not by alpha3 GABAA receptors, which predominate in the reticular activating system.     

20年持续施钾对烤烟/油菜轮作土壤钾素Q/I关系的影响

研究长期施钾下烤烟/油菜轮作土壤钾素供应能力变化特征及其机制,为农田合理施用钾肥和农业土壤发生发育的研究提供科学依据。烤烟/油菜轮作下选取连续20 a烤烟季施钾量0、187.5和375 kg·hm~(-2)处理,测算其土壤钾素表观平衡(K_(ab))以及土壤钾素容量和强度关系曲线(Q/I曲线)的土壤钾素平衡活度比(AR_e)、土壤活性钾(K_L)、非专性活性钾(-ΔK_0)、专性活性钾(K_X)、土壤钾位缓冲容量(PBC)、K~+与Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)交换自由能(-ΔG)等参数,以及速效钾(K_(av))、缓效钾(K_(nex))、K~+饱和度(K_S)、黏土矿物组分等土壤性质,分析Q/I曲线参数变化及其与土壤理化性质变化之间的关系。结果表明,经过20 a定位试验后,AR_e在0.38×10~(-3)～8.91×10~(-3)(mol·L~(-1))~(0.5)之间,-ΔK_0在0.02～0.55 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,K_L在1.61～2.16 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,K_X在1.06～2.14 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,PBC在6.20～7.76 cmol·kg~(-1)(mol·L~(-1))~(0.5)之间,-ΔG在11.70～19.72 kJ·mol~(-1)之间。持续施钾土壤的AR_e、-ΔK_0较不施钾土壤显著增大,K_L、K_X、PBC、-ΔG较不施钾土壤显著减小。AR_e、-ΔK_0与K_(av)、K_(nex)、K_S、K_(ab)呈极显著正相关,K_L、K_X、PBC、-ΔG与K_(av)、K_(nex)、K_S、K_(ab)呈极显著负相关。土壤钾素Q/I曲线参数彼此之间显著相关。上述指标可被整合成一个主成分指标,不施钾肥土壤的主成分指标值显著大于施钾肥土壤。施钾肥土壤的活性钾主要保持在黏土矿物晶体的契形边缘点位,植物有效性较高,不施钾肥土壤的活性钾主要保持在黏土矿物晶体的层间点位,植物有效性降低。不施钾肥土壤的蛭石含量高于施钾土壤,而伊利石含量小于施钾土壤。综上,土壤钾素Q/I参数AR_e、-ΔK_0、K_L、K_x、PBC和-ΔG可作为土壤供钾能力指标,土壤钾素表观平衡驱动了土壤钾素Q/I曲线形状与参数分异、土壤供钾能力分异及土壤黏土矿物变化,施钾肥量越大、土壤钾素盈余越大,土壤供钾能力越强。长期钾素亏缺下,矿物钾转化为专性活性钾的速率大于专性活性钾释放成非专性活性钾的速率。长期钾素亏缺导致伊利石向蛭石转化。     

PEG和钙离子处理对全缘火棘种子萌发的影响

作为用于防治喀斯特地区石漠化的植物物种,在其种子萌发阶段就必须具有较强的适应干旱和富钙土壤的能力。本文研究了喀斯特地区乡土植物全缘火棘种子萌发过程中对干旱和钙离子的耐受能力,用不同水势的PEG6000溶液和不同浓度的CaCl2溶液分别模拟干旱和富钙土壤环境。结果表明,全缘火棘种子萌发对干旱和钙均具有很强的耐受能力,其耐旱能力强于很多其他喀斯特地区乡土植物的种子,甚至强于一些荒漠植物的种子;其对钙离子的耐受能力也明显强于与其在形态和生态特性上非常相似的同属植物火棘的种子。这或许反映了其对喀斯特地区频发干旱并富钙土壤环境的适应,同时也意味着其具有防治喀斯特地区石漠化的巨大潜力。     

中国农田土壤有机碳变化:II土壤固碳潜力估算

中国作为世界上一个重要的农业大国,提高中国农田土壤碳收集能力对减缓全球温室效应具有重要影响.在前人研究的基础上,利用中国第一次和第二次土壤普查数据,结合大量前人调研资料和田间试验数据整理分析,根据近20年来中国各省(市、区)农田土壤有机碳量变化趋势,估算了农田土壤碳源、汇潜力.由估算得出,假设在20世纪80年代土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下,中国农田土壤固碳潜力约为668 Tg C,即表明假设条件下,中国农田土壤要吸收668 Tg C才能达到一种相对稳定的平衡状态,也说明80年代后期中国农田土壤为碳汇效应.本研究对认识和评价中国农田土壤碳汇能力及其农田土壤固碳潜力提供了方法和依据.