水匮乏指数在区域水安全评价中的应用

针对水安全问题,以农垦红兴隆分局为例,采用水匮乏指数和样本均值-标准差分级法对红兴隆分局下属12个农场2006年的水安全状况进行了评价和分级,并根据分级结果提出了相应的对策。结果表明,八五三和红旗岭农场的WPI值处于安全状态,水安全状况最为乐观;饶河农场的WPI值处于较高安全状态,水安全状况较好;友谊、五九七、八五二、二九一和江川农场的WPI值处于中等安全状态,水安全保障体系有待于进一步加强;北兴农场的WPI值处于较低安全状态,水安全状况较差;而双鸭山、曙光和宝山农场的WPI值处于不安全状态,水安全状况最差。     

Evaluation of shrimp polyculture system in Thailand based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios

ABSTRACT: To quantify the contribution by cocultured animals to waste assimilation in an intensive shrimp farm in Thailand, the food web structures of the macrobenthos in a reservoir pond, a shrimp culture pond and water treatment ponds were examined using the stable C and N isotope ratio technique. Seawater for aquaculture was drawn from a creek, and stored in a reservoir pond, used for farming the banana prawn Fenneropenaeus merguiensis in culture ponds, and then recycled through treatment ponds where the green mussel Perna viridis was cultured to remove organic wastes discharged from the farming. The clam worm Nereididae sp. and the mud creeper Cerithideopsilla cingulata in the culture pond had δ ^br>13br>C values of −21.0‰ and −18.4‰, respectively, suggesting that shrimp feed (mean δ ^br>13br>C = −20.7‰) was the main food source for these species. The δ ^br>13br>C analysis also suggested that sediments (−23.7‰) in the reservoir pond and particulate organic matter (POM) (−24.0‰) and/or sediments (−25.0‰) in the treatment pond supplied carbon for most macrobenthic animals. However, green mussels in the treatment pond had a mean δ ^br>13br>C value of −20.5‰, suggesting that shrimp feed was the main food source for this species.     

转生长激素基因工程鲤鱼研究

约10000余尾注射牛和羊生长激素基因的鲤鱼已被生产出来，并从中筛选出生长速度快且整合了外源基因的个体143尾，也证明外源基因可传递给子代同时子代也具有快速生长的特征。建立了把外源基因直接注入受精卵的方法，确定了注入外源基因的最佳时期。     

Expected selection efficiency for resistance to cacao pod rot (Phytophthora palmivora) comparing leaf disc inoculations with field observations

Summary A genetic analysis of resistance of cacao to Phytophthora palmivora was carried out in a 5 × 5 diallel and in a 4 × 2 NC II factorial design, involving cross-progenies and parental clones planted in the nursery and field, respectively. Resistance was scored in the laboratory by inoculation of leaf discs with P. palmivora spores with four replicates and, for the factorial design, results were compared with the percentage of rotten pods in the field assessed over a seven-year period. Significant differences between genotypes were observed for both laboratory and field evaluation methods. For the laboratory test, no reciprocal effect was observed and plant effects within seedling progenies were more significant than plant effects within clones. General combining ability was the main source of variation but specific combining ability was also significant for the leaf disc test applied to the diallel. Heritabilities increased with the number of replicates, reaching values of 0.34 and 0.67 for narrow sense heritability, and 0.60 and 0.67 for broad sense heritability, for the diallel and the factorial design, respectively. These values were higher than observed for the percentage of rotten pods in the field in the factorial design (0.42 and 0.47, respectively). For the leaf test, the expected genetic gains were around 30% with a selection intensity of 5%. The existence of significant genetic (0.71) and phenotypic (0.39) coefficients of correlation between resistance on leaves and percentage of rotten pods in the field in the factorial design confirms the feasibility of using the leaf disc test for early selection of resistance to Phytophthora pod rot of cacao.     

人类胚胎干细胞与小鼠囊胚嵌合的探讨

【目的】探讨人类胚胎干细胞(Human embryonic stemcells,hESCs)能否在小鼠胚胎环境中生存并参与其各个组织器官的分化,为hESCs与小鼠囊胚嵌合的可行性研究提供依据。【方法】将154枚受精后3.5 d(3.5days postcoitum,3.5 dpc)ICR品系小鼠囊胚随机分为3组:试验组(注射hESCs)、模拟注射组(注射针仅刺破透明带及滋养层细胞,但不注射细胞和溶液)及对照组(未注射),于注射后培养24 h统计囊胚完全孵化率。将稳定转染增强绿色荧光蛋白(Enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)的含有9~15个hESCs的小细胞团块,显微注射入3.5 dpcICR品系小鼠囊胚腔内,注射后分别于3,24,48,69,77,94和116 h,在普通荧光显微镜下观察EGFP阳性细胞的定位与动态分布情况,并将嵌合体胚胎移植入假孕母鼠子宫内,分别于移植后第4天和第6天处死孕鼠,普通荧光显微镜下观察EGFP阳性细胞在整个小鼠胚胎中的分布情况。【结果】注射后24 h,试验组和模拟注射组的囊胚完全孵化率分别为73.6%和77.1%,均极显著高于对照组(38.3%)(P<0.01),有88.9%(32/36)的胚胎中的hESCs迁移并定位在小鼠内细胞团(ICM)及其临近的滋养层细胞上;体外培养48 h后,EGFP阳性细胞数进一步减少;116 h后,只有1枚胚胎仍残留3~4个EGFP阳性细胞,且散在分布于ICM克隆之外。体内发育试验结果显示,将43枚注射后的嵌合体囊胚移植入6只代孕母鼠子宫内,获得了22枚脱膜,有17枚脱膜中含有胚胎,其中形态正常胎儿14枚,没有胚胎含有EGFP阳性细胞。【结论】hESCs很难与小鼠囊胚正常嵌合。     

Mutations in a human ROBO gene disrupt hindbrain axon pathway crossing and morphogenesis

The mechanisms controlling axon guidance are of fundamental importance in understanding brain development. Growing corticospinal and somatosensory axons cross the midline in the medulla to reach their targets and thus form the basis of contralateral motor control and sensory input. The motor and sensory projections appeared uncrossed in patients with horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS). In patients affected with HGPPS, we identified mutations in the ROBO3 gene, which shares homology with roundabout genes important in axon guidance in developing Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse. Like its murine homolog Rig1/Robo3, but unlike other Robo proteins, ROBO3 is required for hindbrain axon midline crossing.     

siRNA干扰ATGL基因表达对猪脂肪细胞脂肪分解的抑制作用

【目的】探讨猪脂肪甘油三酯水解酶(adipose triglyceride lipase,ATGL)基因在脂肪细胞脂解中的作用。【方法】构建针对猪ATGL基因CDS区113和1 358位点的慢病毒干扰载体,包装后用其感染猪成熟脂肪细胞,检测ATGL和激素敏感脂酶(hormone-sensitive lipase,HSL)基因mRNA及其蛋白的表达情况;用甘油试剂盒检测细胞甘油释放量。【结果】成功构建了ATGL基因的慢病毒干扰载体,用其感染猪成熟脂肪细胞后,RT-PCR分析和Western印迹检测结果表明,试验组脂肪细胞ATGL的表达显著下调,HSL的表达没有明显变化;甘油释放量显著降低,其中针对ATGL基因CDS区113位点的siRNA1对ATGL mRNA的干扰效率达55%,甘油释放量降低了49%。【结论】成功构建了猪ATGL基因慢病毒干扰载体,其能显著降低ATGL基因mRNA及其蛋白在猪成熟脂肪细胞中的表达,降低脂肪细胞的甘油释放量,表明ATGL在猪脂肪细胞脂解中有着重要作用,且113位点是ATGL基因CDS区的最佳干扰靶位点。     

甜玉米株高的多世代遗传分析与QTL定位

【目的】研究甜玉米株高的遗传模式和QTL定位,为玉米高产、耐密和抗倒伏育种提供理论依据。【方法】以株高有显著差异的甜玉米自交系T14和T4为亲本配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型和P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F26个世代联合分析的方法,对甜玉米株高性状进行遗传分析;以330个F2单株为作图群体,采用复合区间作图法和群体分离分析法(BSA法),在F2和F2:3家系中检测株高QTL。【结果】玉米株高受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因控制,在各个分离世代都以主基因遗传为主;在F2群体中,检测到的3个QTL位于第1染色体,2个QTL位于第5染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率为7.8%~28.8%;在F2:3家系中,检测到的4个QTL位于第1染色体,4个QTL位于第5染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率为4.8%~27.4%。【结论】在F2和F2:3家系中检测到的株高QTL都集中在第1和第5染色体上,形成了2个明显的株高QTL簇,这一结果与2对主基因+多基因的遗传模型相吻合。     

34种植物丙酮提取物抑菌活性的初步筛选

【目的】研究34种植物丙酮提取物的抑菌活性,为开发植物源杀菌剂提供线索和依据。【方法】采用生长速率法和活体组织法,测定了采自内蒙古、宁夏草原和荒漠地区34种植物丙酮提取物的抑菌活性。【结果】在0.1 g/mL质量浓度下,白沙蒿、黑沙蒿、蓼子朴、地肤、中间锦鸡儿、黄芪、甘草、骆驼蓬、圆叶盐爪爪、雾冰藜、滨藜和大麻12个植物样品丙酮提取物对黄瓜炭疽病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌中的至少一种病原菌的抑制率大于70%;蓼子朴、黑沙蒿、柠条锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿、矮葱、乳浆大戟、沙打旺、甘草、虎尾草、猪毛菜和角蒿11种植物样品丙酮提取物对番茄灰霉病的保护作用大于75%;而碱蓬对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长则有明显的促进作用,促进效果为55.56%。【结论】黑沙蒿、蓼子朴、中间锦鸡儿和甘草的抑菌活性值得进一步研究。