Pharmacokinetics of intravenously, intramuscularly and intra-adiposely administered carazolol in pigs

The beta-blocking agent carazolol is used for the prevention of stress syndromes in pigs. Little is known of the pharmacokinetics of this drug, and therefore of its residue status in meat. In this study carazolol pharmacokinetics were investigated in a randomized three-way cross-over design in five pigs. A dose of 0.025 mg/kg was given intravenously, intramuscularly and intra-adiposely (in the subcutaneous fat layer). Carazolol was rapidly distributed and had a short half-life of 1.2-4.2 h. The distribution volume was calculated to be 0.22-0.65 l/kg. After intramuscular or intra-adipose administration the absorption pattern was biphasic. A rapid initial phase was followed by a slow second phase. Absorption was found to be incomplete at 24 h after intramuscular and intra-adipose administration ranging from 24 to 59% and 25 to 66%, respectively. The biphasic behaviour could be explained by retention of the drug in the tissues after absorption of the solvent was complete. A few hours after intravenous administration only negligible amounts of the drug were circulating in the body; however, considerable amounts of drug might have remained at the intramuscular or intra-adipose injection site.     

叶尔羌河流域长身高原鳅寄生线虫的感染情况及分布类型

为了探明叶尔羌河流域长身高原鳅(Triplophysa tenuis)体内寄生线虫(Nematodes)的感染情况及分布类型,于2019年5月-2020年7月对叶尔羌河长身高原鳅进行3次采样,通过运用统计学方法对长身高原鳅感染线虫情况和分布类型进行分析.结果显示:在捕获的414尾长身高原鳅中共检出2种线虫,分别为杆咽线...     

Differential susceptibility of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli) ecotypes to Exserohilum longirostratum

Ten barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli ) ecotypes collected from several locations in Malaysian and Indonesian granaries were tested for variation in their susceptibility to the leaf blight pathogen ( Exserohilum longirostratum ). Four phenological growth stages of the ecotypes were sprayed with E. longirostratum at the rate of 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ under glasshouse conditions. The results of the study showed that plants inoculated with 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ and exposed for 24 h dew periods were severely infected and the percentage dry weight reduction of all ecotypes significantly increased. The 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stage plants were completely killed within 6 days after inoculation. However, susceptibility reactions among the ecotypes were observed at the 4–5-leaf stage, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. The ecotypes, K-02, PK-04, KN-02, CJ-01, and L-01, were the most susceptible ecotypes as indicated by a higher area under disease progress curve value. The apparent disease progress rates for these ecotypes were significantly faster compared to the other ecotypes. The dry weight reduction among the four growth stages was variable. These findings show that the 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stages are the most susceptible, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. This study has confirmed that a variable response to the fungal pathogen occurred within an intraspecific barnyard grass collection.     

罗非鱼寄生嗜丽鱼虫的形态描述及系统发育研究

2018年11月至2019年5月,在乌鲁木齐市周边市场及养殖场进行鱼类寄生虫调查过程中发现,不同地域的罗非鱼鳃部有大量锚首虫寄生,经染色观察,对后吸器及交接器等结构进行绘图、测量,同时选用28S、18S-ITS1-5.8S和COⅠ3个分子标记进行扩增、克隆和序列测定,利用核糖体RNA与相关物种进行系统发育分析.研究结果...     

叶尔羌河流域斑重唇鱼寄生单式指环虫的空间分布

为了解单式指环虫在斑重唇鱼(Diptychus maculates)鳃部寄生的空间分布特点, 于 2019 年 5 月至 2020 年 6 月对新疆叶尔羌河流域斑重唇鱼进行了 3 次取样调查, 运用统计学方法对斑重唇鱼鳃部寄生单式指环虫(Dactylogyrus simplex)的感染情况及空间分布特点进行分析。结果显示, 在检查的 325 尾斑重唇鱼中, 共检出 3994 只单式指环虫, 总感染率和平均感染丰度分别为 67.7%和 12.3±1.2; 左鳃及右鳃的感染率分别为 59.4%和 57.2%, 两者之间的感染丰度无显著差异(P＞0.05); 在各鳃片中, 鳃Ⅰ(最靠近鳃盖的鳃片)、鳃Ⅱ的平均感染丰度显著高于鳃Ⅳ(P＜0.01); 单式指环虫随着宿主的生长, 其感染率、感染丰度和强度先上升, 后下降, 在 13~18 cm 体长组达到最高, 但是各体长组间的感染没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。结果表明, 单式指环虫对宿主左右鳃和年龄没有选择偏好性, 但在鳃片分布上更偏好寄生于鳃Ⅰ和鳃Ⅱ, 单式指环虫在宿主种群中的分布类型为聚集分布。     

不同施肥处理对骏枣光合特性及产量的影响

以新疆阿克苏地区成龄骏枣为对象,通过田间施肥调控试验研究了不同施肥处理对成龄骏枣光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)缺氮处理对叶片的SPAD值、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用率(WUE)、最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)及产量的影响较为显著,显著性水平达到0.05,缺磷处理次之,缺钾处理的影响最小。(2)与不施肥处理(N0P0K0)相比,氮、磷、钾全施(NPK)处理下骏枣叶片的SPAD值、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用率(WUE)、最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)及产量的增幅最大,分别为12.7%、50%、100.5%、48.8%、5.4%和53.3%,但无论哪种施肥处理对骏枣叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)和初始荧光(F0)均无显著影响(P0.05)。(3)相关分析表明:骏枣产量与叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度及水分利用率呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。     

Growth behavior of itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) in Peninsular Malaysia

A glasshouse experiment was conducted at University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, to study the growth pattern of itchgrass collected from 13 locations. The itchgrass was either associated with crops or found along roadsides in six infested estates located in Johor, Kedah, Pahang, Perak, Perlis and Selangor. Significant differences between populations were observed in all variables except in time to seedling emergence. Cluster analysis of the data classified the populations into three major groups. The first group comprised populations from Johor, Pahang and Perak found in association with banana, cocoa and oil palm plantations, or along the roadsides. The second group comprised populations from Kedah, Perlis and Selangor found in association with maize, upland rice, rubber, sugar cane and tobacco plantations. The third group was a distinct population found only along roadsides at Padang Kartong, Perlis. Principal component analysis was performed to determine the growth characteristics that separated the groups. The results showed that plant height, number of leaves, number of seeds/plant, secondary culm diameter and the weight of 100 intact or dehulled seeds were the most significant characteristics that differentiated the groups. The study provided strong evidence of the existence of three itchgrass groups in Peninsular Malaysia.     

采前灌溉对骏枣落果、裂果及果实品质的影响

以8年生骏枣为材料,采用间隔灌水处理法,研究采前(8月1日至9月9日)不同灌溉次数对骏枣落果率、裂果率、叶片相对含水量及果实品质等指标的影响。结果表明:骏枣叶片相对含水量随着土壤含水量的增加而上升,T3(灌水5次)处理叶片相对含水量比CK高17.64%;随着灌水次数的增多,骏枣采前落果率和裂果率均显著下降,其中T3处理的采前落果率和裂果率分别为7.697%±0.724%、12.393%±0.290%,分别较CK低5.977%、9.987%;灌水次数的增多会导致果实中可溶性糖、可滴定酸、Ca和Zn含量减少,同时会促使其可溶性蛋白、糖酸比、黄酮、N、K、Mn、Fe和Cu含量显著提高,对P和Mg含量影响均不显著。增加采前灌水次数能够明显降低骏枣采前落果率和裂果率,灌水5次处理的效果较为显著。     

灰枣不同枝龄二次枝果实品质综合评价

为了明确灰枣不同枝龄二次枝果实品质差异性，比较同一树龄灰枣树不同枝龄二次枝的果实品质指标并对其进行因子分析和综合评价，为灰枣不同枝龄果实品质形成机理研究及科学整形修剪管理提供理论依据。该研究以新疆红枣主栽品种“灰枣”作为研究对象，测定枝龄不同的二次枝果实21项品质指标，对其进行因子分析，建立综合品质评价模型，并根据综合品质得分进行优良度排序。灰枣不同枝龄二次枝果实21项品质指标的变异系数（CV）均有所差异，其中P、Mn、Cu和总酸含量的变异系数均大于15.0%，其中果实P含量的CV最大，为19.2%；Vc、Ca和Fe含量及色差值b*的CV均在10.0～15.0%之间；总黄酮和Zn含量、色差值L*和a*的CV均在5.0～10.0%之间；其余品质指标的CV均小于5.0%。经因子分析提取特征根值大于1的3个公因子，其累计方差贡献率达100.00%，第1公因子（f₁）的贡献率为44.81%，主要由果实表面色差值L*、a*、b*、果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、单果质量和Mg含量8个因子决定，主要反映了果实表面颜色、果实大小等果实外观品质指标。第2公因子（f₂）的贡献率32.21%，由蛋白质、总黄酮、可溶性固形物、总糖、K、总酸和Cu含量7个因子决定，主要反映了果实酸甜口感品质及部分矿质元素含量的高低水平。第3公因子（f₃）的贡献率22.99%，由P、Zn、Ca、Mn、Fe和Vc 含量6个因子决定，主要反映了大部分果实矿物质元素和Vc含量的高低水平。总之而言，灰枣4种枝龄二次枝果实综合品质优良度排序为3年生二次枝果实>4年生二次枝果实>2年生二次枝果实>1年生二次枝果实，在灰枣生产过程中，可以根据不同枝龄二次枝果实的不同优势，形成因地制宜的灰枣栽培模式，整形修剪中多留2年生以上的结果枝，应尽量减少1年生二次枝上结果。     

额尔齐斯河河鲈（Perca fluviatilis）寄生鲈锚钩吸虫（Ancyrocephalus percae）的空间分布特点

应用形态学和分子生物学方法对采集的锚首虫进行鉴定分析，为河鲈（Perca fluviatilis）的生态保护和病害防治提供基础资料。2020年9月至2021年6月对额尔齐斯河河鲈寄生的锚首虫进行了调查，发现河鲈鳃部有锚首虫物种寄生，经形态学和分子生物学鉴定确定为鲈锚钩吸虫。运用统计学方法对河鲈鳃部寄生的鲈锚钩吸虫的总体、不同体长段的感染情况进行统计，进一步分析其空间分布特点。结果显示，河鲈共感染了1种锚首虫，为鲈锚钩吸虫，总感染率、平均感染强度和平均感染丰度分别为18.56%、（2.78±3.17）只/尾和（0.52±1.7）只/尾，左鳃及右鳃的感染率分别为12.37%和13.40%，两者之间的感染丰度无显著性差异（P＞0.05）；各鳃片中的平均感染强度和平均感染丰度值相差不大；鲈锚钩吸虫在所有体长组之间及左鳃Ⅳ各体长组之间的感染丰度呈显著性差异（P＜0.05）；鲈锚钩吸虫对宿主左右鳃没有选择偏好性，且在宿主种群中的分布类型为聚集分布和均匀分布，其中聚集分布占主要的地位，仅有左鳃Ⅰ和鳃Ⅲ、右鳃Ⅱ、L≤8 cm体长组中呈现均匀分布。