作业环境微气候对伐木作业人员及作业效率的影响

本文从人类工效学的角度对作业环境微气候对伐木作业人员及作业效率的影响进行了理论分析和部分实例探讨。首先,作者对高温作业 环境的影响进行了热平衡分析和实例分析研究;其次,作者又对低温作业环境对作业人员及作业效率的影响进行了较深入的理论分析和实例探讨。结果表明,作业环境微气候对伐木作业效率有较为显著的影响。对北方林区而言,夏季高温环境(较正常环境)影响伐木作业效率幅度约为20％—30％,冬季低温影响幅度约为15％—25％。     

Pathological changes induced by three myxosporeans in the intestine of cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel)

Pathological changes in cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes , with emaciation disease in Kyushu, Japan were studied histologically. In most cases, diseased fish were heavily infected with at least one of three myxosporeans ( Myxidium fugu , Myxidium sp. and Leptotheca fugu ) and two unidentified hyperparasitic microsporeans, attached to, or in, the intestinal epithelium. Myxidium fugu attached to the surface of the epithelium, caused no noticeable effects on the host tissue, irrespective of its infection with the hyperparasite. Myxidium sp., which proliferated in the epithelium, induced severe pathological changes including accumulation of cell debris between the epithelium and lamina propria and resultant detachment of the epithelium. Leptotheca fugu, another histozoic myxosporean, induced degeneration of the epithelium, associated with massive infiltration of macrophages into the epithelium to encapsulate parasites. When L. fugu was infected with its hyperparasitic microsporean, shortened villi were also observed. This is probably because passage of macrophage-parasite aggregates through the basement membrane of the epithelium severely damaged the epithelial structure. It is evident histologically that, unlike epicellular M. fugu , histozoic Myxidium sp. and L. fugu with or without hyperparasitic microsporeans, were highly pathogenic to host fish. This strongly suggests that they are causative agents of the emaciation disease.     

小熊猫血液生理生化指标的测定

为建立健康成体小熊猫血液生理生化参数指标,选择福州大熊猫研究中心圈养的28只（雌性20只,雄性8只）外观发育正常、临床检查健康的小熊猫作为试验对象,通过食物引诱自行进入夹笼,在无麻醉的情况下,静脉采血。用全自动血细胞分析仪和生化分析仪检测23项血液参数和25项血液生化参数。用SPSS11．5统计软件包对各参数计算平均值（X^-）和标准差（SD）,t检验比较雄性与雌性小熊猫相应指标的差异显著性。测定结果为小熊猫的疾病诊断、动物检疫和相关的研究提供科学的依据。     

五种植物生长调节剂对甘草生长的影响

通过对甘草喷施1 000倍液爱多收、1 000倍液植物动力2003、500倍液多效唑、0.4%的精肥王和200倍液钾天下进行田间试验,旨在探明不同植物生长调节剂对甘草干物质积累、株高、根长及芦茎的影响.结果表明,5种植物生长调节剂对甘草生长发育均有不同程度的促进作用,综合评价最好的是0.4%的精肥王,其次是1 000倍液爱多收,而500倍液多效唑基本没有促进作用.     

扑虱灵、优乐得和甲胺磷对白背飞虱防效和田间自控力的影响

扑虱灵、优乐得和甲胺磷对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvoth)田间自控力的影响十分显著.扑虱灵、优乐得防治曲线呈“r”型,比甲胺膦“N”型曲线的控虫率高20.3～20.7%、斜率大2.56～2.59,>80%防效的持效期长达20天以上,决定系数r~2值介于0.95～0.966间,防效稳定,对水稻寄主有促生增补效应.其增补值和经济效益均为扑虱灵>优乐得>甲胺磷.投入防效率为1∶17和1∶15,比甲胺磷高6～8倍.     

土地开发整理工程质量评价体系研究

研究为确保土地开发整理项目工程质量，规范土地开发整理验收管理工作提供科学依据。依据土地开发整理有关理论，提出选取工程质量评价因素应遵循的原则。运用特尔菲法选取了耕地平整、农田水利、道路、生态环境以及土壤自然质量等为河北省太行山山地丘陵区土地开发整理工程质量评价因素及因子，运用“层次分析法（AHP）”对各个工程质量因素赋予权重，并用加权平均法求得工程质量综合分值，最后对工程质量划分等级，便于指导土地开发整理项目验收和管理工作。     

The Transport of Escherichia coli Through Freeze-Fractured Clay Soil

Little is known about the transport of microorganisms through freeze-fractured clay soils. Normally consolidated clay (NCC) and compacted clay (CC) columns (representing a natural clay barrier and a compacted barrier, respectively) were exposed to six consecutive freeze–thaw cycles and permeated for 21 days with an Escherichia coli cell suspension (approximately 1?×?10⁷ colony forming units (CFU)/mL) containing a 2.1-mM bromide tracer. An unfractured sand column was also examined for comparison with the clay columns. While no E. coli was detected in the effluent of both untreated NCC and CC control clay columns, a relatively low density of E. coli (between 228 and 270 CFU/mL compared to 1?×?10⁷ CFU/mL in the influent) was first detected in the effluent of the freeze-fractured NCC and CC columns at 0.29 and 0.31 pore volumes (or at 5.4 and 4.1 h), respectively. It took 11 min for a full breakthrough of E. coli through the sand column, but only about 0.1% of the influent E. coli density was detected in the effluents of the freeze-fractured NCC and CC columns at day 21. These observations show that despite the high bacterial retention capacity of the freeze-fractured clay columns, the fractures were large enough for the E. coli to flow through. Based on batch sorption tests and the permeation data, it is estimated that 18%, 7%, and 84% of the freeze-fractured NCC, CC, and sand columns would be exposed to the influent, respectively, under a full E. coli breakthrough condition. Our data show that the high bacterial retention capacity of clay barriers can be compromised by freeze–thaw conditions.     

Microbial Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Water: A Current Perspective

It is well documented that faecal contamination of drinking water has caused numerous disease outbreaks. Because the risks of disease outbreaks correlate with the incidence of faecal contamination, faecal bacteria are used as indicators of faecal contamination and hence, the possible presence of disease-causing organisms. However, different microbiological faecal indicators are used in different countries and jurisdictions. Therefore, it is important to understand the potentials and limitations of these indicator organisms before realistically implementing guidelines and regulations to safeguard our water resources. This review considers the history of indicator organisms, the evolution of the analytical methodologies (biochemical and molecular) and addresses the advantages and limitations of current faecal indicator microorganisms.     

Survival of various ERIC-genotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in well water

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in understanding the survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in aquatic environments. Fifteen strains of STEC were monitored, individually, in untreated well water samples incubated at 10 and 22^{^}C for 56 days. The strains were selected from three serogroups (O26, Ol11 and O157) and represented five distinct ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic concensus)-genotypes. The microcosms were prepared in triplicate and inoculated at an initial cell density of about 7.0 log CFU/ml well water. At 10^{^}C, the cell density of five STEC strains fell below the detection limit of 0.8 log CFU/ml by day 56. Of the ten persisting strains, four showed superior survival with cell densities decreasing to an average of about 5 log CFU/ml while the remaining six strains showed moderate levels of survival, decreasing to an average cell density of about 3 log CFU/ml. At 22^{^}C, strain H32 (genotype I) and H15 (genotype B) persisted at 1.1 log CFU/ml and 2.2 log CFU/ml in 56 days, respectively. The other 13 STEC strains dropped below the detection limit between weeks 3 to 8. The 15 strains demonstrated highly variable levels of survival with no correlation between ERIC-genotypes or serogroups and the strains' ability to persist in the well water samples. Although strain H32 (O157:H7) persisted significantly longer than strain H22 (O157:H7) in natural well water at both 10 and 22^{^}C, both strains survived equally well in sterile well water, indicating that individual STEC strains vary in their ability to compete with background microbial populations.