王夫之的流俗论和人间论

王夫之思想的关键之一是严厉拒绝“流俗”,因为他断定“庶民禽兽也,流俗禽兽也。”王夫之判定流俗的象征是禽兽,这里的禽兽主要强调不是人这一点。他讲解了“明伦”、“察物”、“居仁”、“由义”这四点是禽兽所欠缺的。也可以说,具备了这四点就完全满足了作为人类的条件,他斥责当时追求个人私利,蓄藏钱财和谷物的行为不是人的行为,并把它作为流俗的最为严重的恶果。王夫之从三个方面对此进行了批判。     

Plasma vitellogenin levels in male common carp Cyprinus carpio and crucian carp Carassius cuvieri of Lake Kasumigaura

In order to investigate the possible influence of estrogenic environmental endocrine disruptors on the reproductive activity of fish in Lake Kasumigaura, plasma levels of vitellogenin (VTG), a biomarker of estrogen exposure, were measured in wild and cultured male common carp Cyprinus carpio and wild crucian carp Carassius cuvieri . Testicular histology and plasma steroid hormone levels were also examined. Fish were collected from June 1998 to August 1999. Plasma VTG levels in most fish examined were below a detection limit (40 ng/mL) throughout the sampling period, and a small amount of VTG (43.5 ng/mL–1680 ng/mL) compared to that in females was detected in some fish. Active spermatogenesis in the testis and increased levels of plasma sex steroids were observed in most of the fish examined. Thus, no marked influence of estrogenic chemicals was detected in the reproductive activity of male common carp and crucian carp in Lake Kasumigaura collected from the sampling sites in the present investigation.