烤烟不同供氮模式对烟叶色素和香气物质含量的影响

为生产优质烟叶提供理论依据,以贵州烟区主栽品种毕纳1号进行盆栽试验,精准控制烟株不同时期的供氮比例,研究3种氮素供应模式(处理1,伸根期20%+旺长期45%+成熟期35%;处理2,伸根期25%+旺长期55%+成熟期20%;处理3,伸根期30%+旺长期65%+成熟期5%)对烟叶质体色素和烤后烟叶香气物质含量的影响。结果表明:处理3烟叶成熟期质体色素降解速度快,烤后烟叶色素残留量低,类胡萝卜素含量最大,中部、上部烟叶分别为(177.84±5.69)μg/g和(139.93±1.13)μg/g,分别比处理2增加13.8%和20.1%,比处理1增加4.6%和10.0%,其中处理3烟叶的β-大马酮、β-二氢大马酮、巨豆三烯酮等及类西柏烷类含量、上部叶棕色化产物和新植二烯等致香成分含量均较高。前重后轻供氮模式的烟叶质量显著优于后期持续供氮模式的烟叶,有利于促进烟叶前期合成较多的质体色素,后期充分降解形成香气成分,对提高烟叶香味品质十分有利。     

Comparative analysis of genetic effects of wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL

Wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL, carriers of Pm21 and PmV, respectively, confer high resistance to wheat powdery mildew. For better understanding of the difference in genetic effect between them, a RIL population was constructed based on the cross between “Yangmai 18” carrying T6V#2S·6AL and “Yangmai 22” carrying T6V#4S·6DL. Analysis of distribution of the translocations showed that T6V#2S·6AL is much more transmittable than T6V#4S·6DL. By comparing their effects on main agronomic traits, we firstly found that T6V#2S·6AL contributes greatly to top spikelet fecundity, but causes a decrease of 6.7%–10.5% of spike number. No stable effects of T6V#4S·6DL on agronomic traits were found, except for positive effect on plant height. Excitingly, a new recombinant, T6V#4S‐6V#2S·6AL carrying PmV, was screened and proved to have a higher transmission rate than the original translocation T6V#4S·6DL, which will greatly promote the utilization of PmV. The above conclusions of this research will provide important guidance for utilization of Pm21 and PmV more effectively, in wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.     

Interactive effects of Cd and PAHs on contaminants removal from co-contaminated soil planted with hyperaccumulator plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum alfredii</Emphasis>

Purpose  

Soil contamination by multiple organic and inorganic contaminants is common but its remediation by hyperaccumulator plants is rarely reported. The growth of a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii and removal of contaminants from Cd and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) co-contaminated soil were reported in this study.     

Pig manure vermicompost (PMVC) can improve phytoremediation of Cd and PAHs co-contaminated soil by Sedum alfredii

Purpose

A major challenge to phytoremediation of co-contaminated soils is developing strategies for efficient and simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the potential for enhanced phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) by Sedum alfredii and dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in co-contaminated soil by application of pig manure vermicompost (PMVC).

Materials and methods

Soil contaminated by Cd (5.53?mg?kg^?1 DW) was spiked with phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene together (250?mg?kg^?1 DW for each PAH). A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with four treatments: (1) soil without plants and PMVC (Control), (2) soil planted with S. alfredii (Plant), (3) soil amended with PMVC at 5?% (w/w) (PMVC), and (4) treatment 2?+?3 (Plant?+?PMVC). After 90?days, shoot and root biomass of plants, Cd concentrations in plant and soil, and PAH concentrations in soil were determined. Abundance of PAH degraders in soil, soil bacterial community structure and diversity, and soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass carbon were measured.

Results and discussion

Application of PMVC to co-contaminated soil increased the shoot and root dry biomass of S. alfredii by 2.27- and 3.93-fold, respectively, and simultaneously increased Cd phytoextraction without inhibiting soil microbial population and enzyme activities. The highest dissipation rate of PAHs was observed in Plant?+?PMVC treatment. However, neither S. alfredii nor PMVC enhanced PAH dissipation when applied separately. Abundance of PAH degraders in soil was not significantly related to PAH dissipation rate. Plant?+?PMVC treatment significantly influenced the bacterial community structure. Enhanced PAH dissipation in the Plant?+?PMVC treatment could be due to the improvement of plant root growth, which may result in increased root exudates, and subsequently change bacterial community structure to be favorable for PAH dissipation.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that remediation of Cd and PAHs co-contaminated soil by S. alfredii can be enhanced by simultaneous application of PMVC. Long-term evaluation of this strategy in co-contaminated field sites is needed.     

滇东地质高背景区土壤镉的伴矿景天修复及其对后茬水稻的影响

云南是我国典型的重金属元素地球化学高背景区,超积累植物能否有效修复镉（Cd）地质高背景土壤,从而实现农产品安全生产,尚鲜见报道。以云南石林、富源和罗平等三地的典型Cd地质高背景农田土壤为对象,开展温室盆栽试验,探究Cd、锌（Zn）超积累植物伴矿景天对土壤Cd的吸取修复效果,及对后茬水稻生长和Cd吸收的作用。结果表明,种植三季伴矿景天使三地土壤全量Cd分别下降24.8%、30.9%和58.8%;伴矿景天在富源玄武岩风化物母质发育的土壤上长势最好,与富源土壤肥力相对最高有关;伴矿景天在罗平石灰岩风化物发育的土壤上重金属吸取修复效果最佳,与罗平土壤呈中性、酸化作用更为明显有关,这些差异由土壤母质、养分与重金属有效性等综合影响所致。经伴矿景天吸取修复三季后,全生育期淹水种稻,其糙米和秸秆Cd浓度均大幅降低,可实现糙米Cd安全生产。未经植物吸取修复,旱作处理下水稻糙米Cd存在超标风险。植物吸取修复后种植水稻,再结合水分管理措施,可进一步降低稻米中Cd浓度,实现稻米安全生产,为Cd地质高背景区土壤的农作物安全生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Paddy soil nutrients and stoichiometric ratios as affected by anthropogenic activities during long-term tillage process in Chengdu Plain

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Being the most widespread soil&nbsp;in the Chengdu Plain in Sichuan Basin, China, paddy soil has a great importance in agriculture and ecology. Anthropogenic...     

烟叶生产基础设施建设的烟农满意度评价与需求意愿

为针对性地改善烟叶生产基础设施建设,促进提高烟农的烟叶生产水平,利用对贵州黔西县12个种烟村180户烟农的调研数据,归纳分析了黔西县烟叶生产基础设施建设现状、烟农对烟叶生产基础设施建设的满意度评价以及需求意愿。结果表明:2005—2012年黔西县烟叶生产基础设施建设取得了一定的成效,但烟农对此的满意程度总体不高,其对烟叶生产基础设施建设的需求意愿仍然强烈。对此,应重点从机耕道路、灌溉设施以及密集烤房等方面改善烟叶生产基础设施建设。     

钙质钝化材料对四川盆地6种主要旱作土壤Cd的钝化效应

为针对性、定量化地利用钝化处理实现不同类型Cd污染土壤的安全利用,以四川盆地6种主要旱作土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养试验和土培试验探讨了6个剂量水平下,钙质钝化材料对土壤pH、CEC、有效Cd含量、Cd形态、小白菜生物量和Cd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)钙质钝化材料可提升6种土壤的pH和CEC,土壤CEC随用量的增加而持续增加,而土壤pH在提升至微碱性水平后,不再随用量的增加而增加;(2)6种土壤有效Cd含量随钝化材料用量的增加先显著降低,后趋于平稳,用量＞2.5%后均无显著变化。该添加量下,有效Cd含量降幅为典型黄壤(63.32%)＞酸性紫色土(46.65%)＞漂洗黄壤(38.51%)＞中性紫色土(34.97%)＞石灰性紫色土(18.03%)＞灰潮土(16.60%);土壤中可交换态Cd主要向碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形态转化;(3)除石灰性紫色土外,钙质钝化材料可显著提升其余5种污染土壤中小白菜的生物量并显著降低其可食部位Cd含量。用量为2.5%时,典型黄壤、漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土中小白菜Cd含量降幅高达84.28%,79.90%,69.87%,显著优于中性紫色土、灰潮土和石灰性紫色土(5%用量时降幅仅为40.27%,31.13%,17.98%)。该研究揭示钙质钝化材料对6种Cd污染旱作土壤的剂量-效应差异,并在典型黄壤、漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土中钝化效率较优,为不同土壤条件下钙质钝化材料的合理使用提供科学依据。     

Efficient development of Haynaldia villosa chromosome 6VS‐specific DNA markers using a CISP‐IS strategy

Development of effective molecular markers linked to Pm21 deriving from Haynaldia villosa is critical for wheat breeding of powdery mildew resistance. In this study, we designed 12 pairs of conserved‐intron scanning primers (CISPs), using intron‐containing conserved genes located on the short arm of Brachypodium distachyon chromosome 3 (3BdS) aligned with cDNA or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Triticeae crops. Of 12 CISP primer pairs, 11 amplified DNA both in H. villosa and in wheat, and four displayed H. villosa chromosome 6VS‐specific polymorphisms. Six non‐polymorphic DNAs were further sequenced for designing internal primers, and five additional 6VS‐specific markers were obtained. Of the total nine 6VS‐specific co‐dominant markers, six could effectively trace Pm21 in F₂ population derived from the hybrid between the T6AL.6VS line and ‘Yangmai 158’. This study demonstrated that Brachypodium genomic information could be powerfully utilized to develop molecular markers in H. villosa or other Triticeae species.     

毕节市耕地土壤pH的空间变异特征与影响因素

为了探讨耕地土壤pH的空间变异及影响因素,以贵州省毕节市为研究区域,开展了耕地土壤pH的实地监测调查,获取了各监测点的空间位置和属性数据。结合地统计学和GIS方法,探讨了耕地土壤pH的空间变异特征。结果表明:毕节市0~10 cm层耕地土壤pH分布于5.12~9.20,土壤pH最优插值模型:趋势指数为1,插值模型为有理二次方程式,块金值与基台值之比为65.10%,表现出中等的空间相关性,说明结构性因素(自然因素)对0~10 cm层耕地土壤pH影响较大。在不同母质中,耕地土壤pH从小到大为:基性岩类、砂页岩类、河流冲积物、碳酸盐岩类、紫色岩类、泥质岩类、石英岩类。在不同土壤类型中,耕地土壤pH由小到大为:6.29、6.83、7.07、7.17、8.20,对应土壤类型分别为:石灰土、黄壤、黄棕壤、紫色土、棕壤。与地形的相关分析表明,耕地土壤pH与高程、坡度、坡向分别为中等相关、弱相关、中等相关。总的来说,耕地土壤pH受结构性因素(自然因素)和人为因素影响的共同作用。