水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素荧光参数的影响

本研究通过设置土壤含水量为15%、10%、5%三个水分胁迫处理,测定各处理的叶绿素荧光,研究水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:随着胁迫强度的加强,可变荧光(Fv)下降 ,PSⅡ的原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和光量子产额(Yield)减少,光电子传递效率(etr)降低;恢复过程中,15%胁迫容易恢复,10%胁迫较易恢复,5%胁迫不能恢复.Fv 、Fv/Fm、etr、Yield对胁迫和恢复反应敏感,都可以作为葡萄抗旱品种快速鉴定的指标,Fv的可靠性最强.光化学淬灭系数(qp)和非光化学淬灭系数(nqp)在胁迫初期都逐渐变大,在胁迫后期出现相反对应的变化趋势,在恢复过程中比较稳定,反应了葡萄在受到水分胁迫时的光合调节和自我保护能力,但qp和nqp不宜作为快速鉴定抗旱品种的指标.     

持续干旱下天山野生杏幼苗渗透调节物质的累积特性

以新疆伊犁地区的4类野生杏(野生甜仁杏1号、野生甜仁杏2号,野生苦仁杏1号、野生苦仁杏2号)为材料,研究其在干旱胁迫下渗透调节物质的积累特性.对二年生天山野杏苗进行持续80 d的田间自然干旱处理过程中,每隔20 d取样分析土壤相对含水量(SRWC)及叶片相对含水量(LRWC),Na+,K+和可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖以及脯...     

生物碱参与阿魏种子休眠的调控

为揭示濒危植物阜康阿魏（Ferula fukanensis Shen.）种子休眠的成因,对阜康阿魏种子分别采用流水漂洗处理后的发芽试验、蒸馏水和NaHCO₃溶液浸提液以及化学法提取生物碱中的小麦种子萌发实验,并观察蒸馏水和NaHCO₃浸泡阿魏种子对介质pH的影响等,综合分析阿魏种子休眠的成因。流水浸洗处理5 d和20 d的发芽率分别为77%和85%以上,较对照（47%）有显著提高(P<0.01);NaHCO₃浸提液对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用显著高于蒸馏水浸提液;用pH较高的NaHCO3溶液和蒸馏水浸泡阿魏种子,该介质的pH向8.0～8.3收敛;化学法提取生物碱对小麦发芽有显著抑制作用,当10 g·（100mL）^-1时抑制率达80%。实验结果显示,除脱落酸（ABA）外,还有生物碱在阿魏种子休眠的调控中起重要作用。     

核桃主栽品种新新2和温185光合特性与其品质和产量的关系

【目的】 研究核桃光合特性与其品质和产量的关系。【方法】 以新疆优良核桃品种新新2和温185为材料,对照分析2个品种的光合作用及其叶绿素荧光特性,与其果实品质和产量的关系。【结果】 温185和新新2光合速率与量子效率没有显著差异,这与2个品种单株产量和单产一致。2个品种在出仁率上有显著差异,即温185出仁率显著高于新新2,温185呼吸速率也显著高于新新2,出仁率可能与其代谢特性有关。总叶绿素含量之间无显著差异,而温185的叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量均极显著高于新新2。【结论】 温185和新新2的产量与其光合特性有关,而其品质与其它代谢有关。温185比新新2具有更强的光保护能力。     

水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过设置土壤含水量为15%、10%、5%三个水分胁迫处理,测定各处理的叶绿素荧光,研究水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:随着胁迫强度的加强可变荧光(Fv)下降,PSⅡ的原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和光量子产额减少,光电子传递效率(etr)降低;恢复过程中,15%胁迫容易恢复,10%胁迫较易恢复,5%胁迫不能恢复。Fv、Fv/Fm、etr、Yield对胁迫和恢复反应敏感,都可以作为葡萄抗旱品种快速鉴定的指标,Fv的可靠性最强。光化学淬灭系数(qp)和非光化学淬灭系数(nqp)在胁迫初期都逐渐变大,在胁迫后期出现相反对应的变化趋势,在恢复过程中比较稳定,反应了葡萄在受到水分胁迫时的光合调节和自我保护能力,但qp和nqp不宜作为快速鉴定抗旱品种的指标。     

Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The treated seeds (control, KNO₃ and hydropriming) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivar Sanbro were evaluated at germination and seedling growth for tolerance to salt (NaCl) and drought conditions induced by PEG-6000 at the same water potentials of 0.0, −0.3, −0.6, −0.9 and −1.2 MPa. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of the NaCl solutions were 0.0, 6.5, 12.7, 18.4 and 23.5 dS m⁻¹, respectively. The objective of the study was to determine factors responsible for germination and early seedling growth due to salt toxicity or osmotic effect and to optimize the best priming treatment for these stress conditions.

Results revealed that germination delayed in both solutions, having variable germination with different priming treatments. Germination, root and shoot length were higher but mean germination time and abnormal germination percentage were lower in NaCl than PEG at the same water potential. Seeds were able to germinate at all concentrations of NaCl but no seed germination was observed at −1.2 MPa of PEG treatments. NaCl had less inhibitor effect on seedling growth than the germination. It was concluded that inhibition of germination at the same water potential of NaCl and PEG resulted from osmotic effect rather than salt toxicity. Hydropriming increased germination and seedling growth under salt and drought stresses.     

Preparation of a Composite Biosorbent Using Scenedesmus quadricauda Biomass and Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol for Removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) Ions: Isotherms,Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies

Diatoms are good indicators of water quality in lotic systems. Unlike in the temperate region, the effect of substrate on diatom-based water quality assessment in tropical streams is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of substrate on diatom-based multivariate water quality assessment. Epilithic, epiphytic, epipsammic and epipelic diatom community and water quality sampling was done four times at 10 sites during the dry season (2008 and 2009). Artificial substrates (brick and glasses) were also placed at the sampling sites during this period and sampled after 1 month. Cluster analysis was performed to show the main differences and similarities in community composition amongst substrates sampled and amongst sampling sites. The IndVal method was used to identify indicator species characterising different substrates. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs) were performed to relate the structure of diatom communities from different substrates to predictor variables. A gradient of increasing metal and organic pollution, eutrophication and ionic strength was observed from the agricultural/forested area to the urban area. Diatom community structure closely reflected this gradient, with communities from polluted sites (8, 9 and 10) being different from other communities. Polluted sites were associated with such species as Nitzschia palea, Plantago lanceolata, Achnanthes exigua, Caloneis hyaline, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Gomphonema parvulum, Fallacia monoculata, Luticola goeppertiana, Pinnularia microstauron, Pinnularia subcapitata and Sellaphora pupula. Indicator species analysis showed that common diatom species were not restricted to a single substrate, though preference was generally high for natural (especially macrophytes) compared to artificial substrates. Six CCAs corresponding to six substrates performed to relate diatom community structure to simultaneous effects of predictor variables explained ～50% of the diatom species variance in all cases and roughly separated highly polluted sites from the rest of the sites. This indicates that the results of diatom-based multivariate water quality assessment based on different substrates may be interchangeable. Only one substrate has to be collected at each site for water quality assessment surveys, thus avoiding unnecessary expensive and time-consuming oversampling. Given the limitations of artificial substrates, sampling of natural substrates is highly recommended.     

Immobilization of Mucor miehei esterase on core-shell magnetic beads via adsorption and covalent binding: Application in esters synthesis

In this work, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate/glycidylmethacrylate), p(HPMA-GMA), magnetic beads were prepared via suspension polymerization, and grafted with poly(methacrylic acid), p(MMAc) via redox polymerization. Esterase from M. miehei was immobilized onto core-shell magnetic beads with two different methods (i.e., adsorption and covalent binding). For adsorption, the effects of pH and initial esterase concentration on the immobilization efficiency via adsorption have been studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of the magnetic beads for esterase was found to be 27.6 mg/g magnetic beads at pH 7.0. The covalent immobilization of esterase via carbodiimide coupling on mp(HEMA-GMA)-g-p(MAAc) beads was found to be the more effective than the direct immobilization of the enzyme on the mp(HEMA-GMA) beads. The covalently immobilized esterase on the mp(HEMA-GMA)-g-p(MAAc) beads exhibited higher activity compared to the adsorbed esterase on the same magnetic beads. Tributyrin hydrolysis properties of the free and both immobilized esterase preparations were determined under different experimental conditions. The operational, thermal and storage stabilities of the immobilized esterase preparations were increased compared with the free esterase. Finally, esterification reactions have been performed to produce citronellyl-esters (namely: acetate, butyrate and propionate) in n-hexane medium using covalently immobilized esterase. The immobilized esterase was effectively reused in successive batch runs in n-hexane medium for citronellyl-butyrate synthesis, and only 23 % activity was lost after 6 cycles.     

In vivo anti-mildew activity of essential oils against downy mildew of sunflower caused by PLASMOPARA HALSTEDII

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Commercial essential oils (EO) obtained from different parts of black cumin (N. sativa), mustard (S. nigra), St. John’s wort (H. perforatum), garlic (A....     

Phytophthora species associated with dieback of sweet chestnut in Western Turkey

Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) is an important tree species in the Marmara and Aegean regions of Turkey as these two regions produce the great majority of edible nuts, especially those used for marron glacé production. Chestnut forests and orchards in these regions showing severe dieback symptoms not associated with chestnut blight were investigated to determine the role of Phytophthora spp. in the decline syndrome. Soil samples were collected from around 108 symptomatic chestnut trees at 29 sites and Phytophthora spp. isolated using soil baiting technique and selective medium. Species isolated were identified by cultural characteristics and ITS sequencing. Phytophthora x cambivora was the dominant species detected in 13 sites, followed by P. cinnamomi (5 sites), P. plurivora (3 sites) and P. cryptogea (1 site). Phytophthora x cambivora was present in both regions, while P. cinnamomi was found only in the Marmara region in coastal areas around Istanbul. When inoculated at the stem bases of 3‐year‐old chestnut saplings, P. cinnamomi produced significantly longer necrotic lesions (7.8–12.0 cm) than P. x cambivora (2.6–6.3 cm) by 12 days after inoculation. Phytophthora plurivora was the least aggressive species causing only small lesions. Phytophthora cryptogea, which represents the first record on chestnut in Turkey, produced intermediate sized lesions in between P. x cambivora and P. plurivora. These results indicate that P. x cambivora and in some areas P. cinnamomi play major roles in the observed dieback of sweet chestnut in western Turkey.