烟草青枯病生防菌的筛选及其田间防效评价

为筛选出对烟草青枯病有效防治的生防菌,通过稀释涂布法从烟株根际土壤分离到一株具有明显拮抗作用的菌株69-1,经16S rDNA鉴定该菌株为壮观链霉菌(Streptomyces spectabilis),并用该菌株进行烟草青枯病田间防治试验。结果表明,与对照相比,经菌株69-1处理烟株茎围、有效叶片数、最大叶宽、最大叶长、上中下部烟叶单叶干重、最大叶面积、产量均显著增加,且对烟草青枯病的相对防效达60.42%,同时对不同处理组的初烤烟叶进行化学成分的检测分析,发现菌株69-1处理相对于对照组烟叶品质更佳。该菌株菌剂处理不仅可以提高烟株对烟草青枯病的防效,而且还提高烟叶品质和产量,可为烟草青枯病生物防治提供一定参考。     

油菜覆膜打孔穴播机打孔装置设计与试验

为实现油菜等小粒径作物覆膜种植中膜上均匀打孔的功能,针对传统膜上成穴装置结构庞大复杂、工作时易黏土挑种及撕挑地膜等问题,设计了一种法兰式滚轮与螺纹式圆锥型锥钉组合式结构的打孔装置,确定了其主要结构参数范围;构建了打孔装置运动学模型,分析了打孔锥钉关键点的运动轨迹,确定了膜上打孔过程,并基于轨迹方程分析了膜孔尺寸参数;运用ADAMS运动学仿真,采用四因素三水平正交试验方法,以打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度为试验因素,以膜孔长度、膜孔间距偏差为试验考核指标,进行了打孔装置结构和运动参数的仿真试验。仿真结果表明:影响膜孔长度的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、机组前进速度;影响膜孔间距偏差的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径;基于参数优化,获得较优参数组合为:打孔锥钉顶角53°、打孔锥钉直径16 mm、打孔滚轮半径65 mm、机组前进速度4 km/h。以打孔装置较优结构参数组合进行了田间验证试验,结果表明:打孔装置所打膜孔形状较规则,普遍呈类圆形状,膜孔长度均在18 mm以上,膜孔间距较为均匀,与仿真结果基本一致;各行膜孔长度一致性变异系数为4.98%,各行膜孔间距均匀性变异系数为3.44%。结果表明试验参数组合选取合理,打孔装置符合设计要求。     

Effect of dietary calcium or phosphorus deficiency on bone development and related calcium or phosphorus metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) deficiency on bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age based on our previous study, which indicated that dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development by regulating related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 504 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates in a completely randomized design, and fed the normal control and Ca- or P-deficient diets from 1 to 21 days of age. At 22 days of age, the broilers were further fed the normal control diet (0.90% Ca+0.35% non-phytate P (NPP)), the P-deficient diet (0.90% Ca+0.18% NPP), the Ca-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.35% NPP) or the Ca and P-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.18% NPP), respectively. The results showed that dietary Ca or P deficiency decreased (P<0.05) tibia bone mineral density (BMD), bone breaking strength (BBS), ash content, tibia ash Ca content and serum P content on days 28 and 42, but increased (P<0.05) tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of broilers on day 42 compared with the control group. Furthermore, the broilers fed the P-deficient diet had the lowest (P<0.05) tibia BMD, BBS, ash content, serum P content and the highest (P<0.05) serum Ca content on day 28 compared with those fed the Ca-deficient or Ca and P-deficient diets. The results from the present study indicated that the bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers were the most sensitive to dietary P deficiency, followed by dietary Ca deficiency or Ca and P-deficiency; dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development possibly by regulating serum Ca and P contents as well as tibia Ca content and ALP activity of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age.     

农药自动混药装置的研究现状与展望

目前,我国农作物病虫害防治主要依靠施用农药,现有的大多数农药剂型需要加水稀释,配制成一定浓度后再施用。近年,我国农业航空迅速发展,对农业航空的智能化农业机械装备的需求变得非常迫切。系统总结了农药自动混药装置类型以及农药自动混药装置特点,通过对农药自动混药装置研究发展概况分析,阐明了国内农药自动混药装置所存在的问题,展望未来农药混药装置的发展趋势,为后续的研究方向奠定基础。     

养分管理对安溪茶园土壤肥力及茶叶品质的影响

安溪是铁观音的主产区,茶园养分管理滞后已成为该地区茶叶生产的瓶颈,本研究旨在为该地区茶园的养分管理提供科学依据。试验于2015年在安溪县采集了50个茶园的茶青与土壤样品,测定了土壤5项主要肥力指标和茶青中9种主要次生代谢物含量;并根据茶农氮肥用量调研数据,初步将茶园养分管理划分为:少量、中量和过度型等三种方式。限制性主坐标轴分析发现,此分类方式可解释34.4%(P0.001)茶园土壤肥力参数的总体差异,说明此分类方式能反映出不同茶园养分管理的总体水平;并且,养分管理对表层土壤有效磷的影响最为显著。进一步分析表明,养分管理对茶青综合品质的影响可解释品质总差异的7.48%(P0.001);大部分茶青次生代谢物在中量型管理下含量最高。说明养分管理影响安溪茶园土壤的肥力状况,施肥量过高或过低均不利于高品质茶叶的生产,该地区的建议施氮量约为200～400 kg·hm~(–2)·a~(–1)。     

具有III型分泌系统的Pseudomonas moraviensis FP1761植物益生功能及其全基因组分析

 本研究从节瓜根际分离到一株具有防病促生功能的荧光类假单胞菌FP1761。该菌株对部分植物病原真菌和细菌具有拮抗能力,能够解钾、解有机磷和无机磷,可产生氨、蛋白酶、嗜铁素、吲哚乙酸。生物测定表明菌株FP1761可显著促进小麦生长。生理生化、平均核苷酸相似度、16S rDNA和多基因分析将FP1761鉴定为摩拉维亚假单胞菌(Pseudomonas moraviensis)。菌株FP1761基因组草图全长6.12 Mb,(G+C)含量为59.9%,共编码5467个基因序列。将该菌株与种内3个代表性菌株进行泛基因组和核心基因组分析,共产生 4 357个共有基因,菌株FP1761特有基因327个。利用antiSMASH对菌株次生代谢基因簇进行预测,发现其含有8个潜在的次生代谢产物基因簇。其中两个基因簇与嗜铁素pyoverdine合成相关,未见聚酮类合成基因。基因组分析发现,该菌株具有与病原性假单胞菌相似的III型分泌系统,但丢失了效应蛋白调控因子hrpS和转运相关的hrpH和hrpK1基因。对全基因组扫描,菌株FP1761仅保留了病原性假单胞菌的保守效应蛋白AvrE和HopAA1-1。FP1761是目前已发现的唯一具有III型分泌系统的摩拉维亚假单胞菌。本研究表明摩拉维亚假单胞菌FP1761具有潜在的植物防病促生功能,但其III型分泌系统与植物益生互作机制有待进一步解析。     

乡村振兴人才队伍建设存在的问题与对策研究

党的十九大提出了乡村振兴战略，人才振兴是乡村振兴的关键。目前乡村人才队伍存在总体规模偏少、整体素质偏低、后备力量不足等问题。文章结合这些实际问题，提出相应的对策建议，以期助力乡村振兴人才队伍建设。     

Improvement of ink-jet printing performances using β-cyclodextrin forming inclusion complex on cotton fabric

Cotton fabric was modified with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) forming inclusion complex to yield color strength, pattern sharpness, and color fastness for ink-jet printing. The modified cotton fabric was confirmed with the presence of new strong absorption peaks around 1713 cm^-1 and 1243 cm^-1 in FT-IR. β-CD had been covalently grafted on cotton fabric via the esterification reaction of citric acid (CTR) with cellulose and β-CD. The results indicated that printing performances of the ink-jet printed fabric were enhanced through β-CD modification. The K/S value was enhanced from 4.21 to 6.72, the width of printed line was decreased from 1.48 mm to 1.25 mm, and the color fastness was improved to 3-4 level. These improvements were due to the truncated cone structure of β-CD, which can form inclusions with water-based pigment. Meanwhile, the crease recovery performance was also improved with the aid of CTR. A comparison between the unmodified and modified cotton fabric suggested that the crease recovery angle of β-CD modified cotton fabric was increased by 25.0 % in the warp direction. Therefore, printing performance and crease recovery performance of β-CD modified and water-based pigment printed cotton fabric were enhanced remarkably.     

化控处理时期对玉米植株-根系形态及产量的影响

为进一步明确化控处理时期对玉米冠层、根系形态及产量的影响,2017和2018年在吉林省西部开展2年大田试验,供试品种为‘富民985’,2年均喷施乙烯利类型的化控试剂;其中2017年种植密度为7万和9万株/hm~2,在8和10叶期(T(8+10))、8和16叶期(T(8+16))分别进行化控处理;2018年在8叶期(T(8))、8和16叶期(T(8+16))、16叶期(T(16))分别进行化控处理,种植密度为6和9万株/hm~2。结果表明:1)玉米增密后,倒伏率增加;化控处理可缩短植株节间长,降低株高和穗位高,降低倒伏率,其中T(8+16)处理最为显著;2)化控处理后穗位以上叶片叶面积呈现下降趋势,其中T(8+16)处理能够降低15%以上,从而提高透光率,利于下层叶片进行光合作用;3)化控处理增加玉米根系投影面积和最大扩展宽度,降低顶部夹角,使根系更加平展,增强抗倒伏能力,其中T(8+16)处理效果较为理想;4)T(8+16)处理能增加玉米产量,其中2017年T(8+16)处理与CK相比增加6.5%的产量。所以在玉米群体结构建成的8～9和15～16叶期,运用乙烯利类型化控试剂2次,能够改善穗上群体结构,增强茎秆和根系的抗倒伏能力,维持后期群体结构物质生产能力,提高玉米产量。     

直播稻田无人机全程防治病虫草害初探

针对不同设备设计不同喷液量,飞行参数验证防治效果,从而验证无人机在稻田全程应用的可能性,旨在探索2种小型多旋翼植保无人机低空喷洒在整个水稻生长时期病虫草害防治过程中的防效。结果表明:当喷洒水田封闭式除草剂的喷洒量为10650、15000 mL/hm²,其对杂草的株防效与鲜重防效与人工电动喷雾相近。在病虫害的防治试验中,使用推荐用量且喷洒量为10650、15000 mL/hm²时,以及使用70%推荐用量（减量30%）且喷洒量为15000 mL/hm²时,防治效果均与人工电动喷雾器无显著差异。通过验证,选择合适的药剂,配合科学的喷洒参数,可在保证药效的前提下减少农药使用量。多旋翼植保无人机在水稻田有进行大面积全程飞防植保应用有广阔的前景。