油菜蚜虫田间防治药剂筛选

为了有效地控制油菜蚜虫的危害,筛选出可作为油菜蚜虫大田防治的经济、有效、环保的药剂,通过对药剂的安全性测定、田间药效试验以及各种药剂的经济效益分析来验证所选取的药剂对油菜蚜虫的防治效果和应用技术。试验表明:70%吡虫啉WP、5%地蚜灵DP、50%烯啶虫胺SWG、10%氟氯氰菊酯EC、1.8%阿维菌素EC、2.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC等6种药剂对油菜具有较好的安全性。田间药效试验结果表明:6种药剂对油菜蚜虫均有一定的防效,其中70%吡虫啉WP、5%地蚜灵DP、50%烯啶虫胺SWG第一次施药后10天防效为89.31%、93.99%和79.18%,而第二次施药后10天防效为89.80%、80.40%和86.35%。各药剂有利于油菜的生长发育,且油菜的经济性状较对照好,通过药剂防治油菜蚜虫,对其经济效益分析可知,6种药剂的投入产出比为1:6.53,其中地蚜灵DP投入产出比达到了1:11.88。5%地蚜灵DP、70%吡虫啉WP、50%烯啶虫胺SWG对油菜蚜虫有较好的防效,且对油菜安全,成本低,可作为油菜蚜虫大田的防治药剂。     

Serological and clinical surveillance studies to validate reported foot-and-mouth disease free status in Tsirang district of Bhutan

Serological and clinical studies were conducted between March 2009 and August 2010 to validate the foot-and-mouth disease free status of Tsirang district of Bhutan as determined by the country's passive surveillance system. Randomised (first survey) and targeted (third survey) samplings, with subsequent follow-up samplings (second and fourth), were conducted on FMD-susceptible animals to detect the disease at a design prevalence of 25% and 20% at the individual animal-level and village-level, respectively. Sera from cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep were tested for the presence of non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies using two commercial (PrioCHECK(?) FMDV NS and CHEKIT(?)-FMD-3ABC-bo-ov) and one in-house NSP kit (c-ELISA, AAHL, Australia). The overall seropositivity (all species) at the animal-level was 3% (95% CI: 1.7, 4.8) and 3.5% (95% CI: 2.1, 5.4), for the randomised and targeted surveys, respectively. Except for one goat from the first survey, none of the small ruminants and pigs had NSP antibodies. The seropositives from the first and targeted surveys were distributed among 13 and 16 of 20 villages sampled, respectively. All repeat testing from the initial seropositive animals and their herd mates, for both the first and third surveys, were negative in the NSP tests 6-8 months later. Using the hypergeometric exact probability formula for two-stage analyses, the results enabled rejection of the null hypothesis and supported conclusion that the population was free from disease at the minimum expected prevalence of 20% at the 95.53% and 99.46% confidence levels, for the randomised and targeted surveys, respectively. Clinical surveillance also showed absence of disease or clinical signs suggestive of FMD. The few seropositives were likely to be false positives due to factors such as imperfect specificities of the tests and possible NSP-residues in the vaccines. The study has paved the way for initiation of zoning approaches for the progressive control of FMD in Bhutan.     

西藏自治区山南地区猴子山宜林地土壤质量评价与利用对策

通过对猴子山宜林地分小班采集的土壤样品进行土壤理化性质分析,评价宜林地土壤质量,并结合当地水热条件,为该地区植树造林树种选择和造林技术方案及土壤改良方案的确定提供参考。     

不同饵料对3种西藏鱼类仔鱼生长及存活的影响

研究了卤虫无节幼体、专用仔鱼料、鳗鱼仔鱼料等3种不同饵料对西藏尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)、异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o'connori Lloyd)、拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni Regan)等3种鱼类仔鱼生长和存活的影响。实验尖裸鲤、异齿裂腹鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的初始全长分别为(13.29±0.52)mm、(12.29±0.44)mm、(15.81±0.50)mm,实验周期分别为25 d、25 d、15 d。结果表明:与其他饵料组相比,投喂专用仔鱼料组,异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的平均全长、全长增加倍数以及存活率均高于其他各组,并有显著差异;尖裸鲤仔鱼的平均全长和全长增长倍数也高于其他各组,但存活率较投喂卤虫无节幼体低,并有显著差异。     

Potato intercropping systems with maize and faba bean

Potato is a major cash crop for Bhutanese highland farmers, who widely use intercropping systems combining potato (Solanum tuberosum) with maize (Zea mays). Scarcity of information on existing cropping practices limits the scope of present extension programs. Experiments evaluating potato intercropping systems with maize and faba bean (Vicia faba) were conducted at Yusipang (2700 m) and Kangma (1900 m). Potato yield reductions through intercropping ranged from 0–21 percent depending on year, and location. Variation in planting geometry and maize planting date did not affect potato yield reductions. The land equivalent ratio ranged from 1.03–1.06 for faba bean and from 1.11 to 1.49 for maize intercropping systems. Compared to potato as a sole crop maize intercropping increased gross benefits in Kangma by 12–15 percent with maize plant densities of 2.8 per m². In Yusipang, gross benefits were not increased through intercropping. Reducing risks of environmental and market impacts favor the use of intercropping systems.     

西藏牦牛生产系统特征、存在问题及发展思路

本文通过对西藏牦牛生产系统的研究和总结,阐述了西藏牦牛生产和发展的现状,分析了牦牛生产中存在的主要问题,并针对主要问题提出了解决的技术措施以及西藏牦牛产业发展的初步的思路,为今后牦牛的科研和生产提供参考。     

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of important pig viral diseases in Bhutan

A cross-sectional serological study was conducted in Bhutan between October 2011 and February 2012 to determine the prevalence of antibodies to classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), swine influenza virus (SIV) subtype H1N1 and Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). Furthermore, risk factors for the seropositive status were investigated.     

The seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in the sedentary livestock herds in four districts of Bhutan

Cross sectional serological surveys were conducted between March and December 2009 to determine the distribution of foot-and-mouth disease and also to validate the current passive surveillance system in Bhutan. A total of 1909 sera collected from cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, from 485 herds in 106 villages, were tested using a foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein 3ABC ELISA. The true prevalence at the animal-level for all species was 15% (95% CI: 13.5, 16.7) using the sensitivity (97.2%) and specificity (99.5%) for cattle. The true prevalence for cattle, goats, sheep and pigs were 17.6 (95% CI: 15.6, 19.5), 11.9% (95% CI: 5.6, 18.3), 11.9% (95% CI: 1.3, 25.1), and 1.9% (95% CI: 0.0, 3.8), respectively. The sub-districts that shared border with India had significantly (p=0.03) higher seroprevalence than the interior sub-districts. Villages located in the sub-tropical zone had significantly (p<0.0001) higher seroprevalence than those located at high altitude zones. Herds with known outbreaks of FMD were 3.6 times more likely (p<0.001) to be seropositive than those with no history of outbreaks of FMD. The study showed the usefulness of population-based serological surveys in detecting circulation of active infection in populations which were, until now, considered to be free of disease based on a passive surveillance system. The study also highlighted the benefits of conducting serological and questionnaire surveys, simultaneously, to ascertain the infection status of herds and animals. Some of the findings from this study could be considered for strengthening of the current FMD control program in Bhutan.     

草地生态系统土壤酶活性研究进展

土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演着重要角色,研究土壤酶活性对于探讨草地生态系统结构、功能及其可持续发展有着重要的意义。土壤酶的研究历经20世纪50年代以前的奠定时期,20世纪50-80年代的迅速发展时期和20世纪80年代以后与其他学科相互渗透的时期。土壤酶主要来源于土壤微生物,分为六大类,即氧化还原酶、水解酶、转移酶、裂合酶、连接酶和异构酶。本研究总结了不同退化程度、施肥、放牧、土壤微生物、季节变化等因素对草地生态系统土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明,随着退化程度的加重,土壤酶活性呈降低趋势;施肥在一定程度上能增强土壤酶活性;轻度放牧会使土壤酶活性增加,重度放牧会使土壤酶活性降低;土壤微生物与土壤酶活性呈显著正相关关系;土壤酶活性随季节变化有一定的规律性波动。最后,本研究对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统的退化、恢复和治理与土壤酶活性关系的研究发展前景进行了展望。
关键词：草地生态系统;土壤;酶活性